Measuring Partition Coefficient

Measuring Partition Coefficient Abstract This Laboratory study deals with the Analytical Procedure of the Measurement of Partition Coefficient. Partition Coefficient is a very important criterion for Organic substances. It finds use in Pharmaceutical Industry, Pollution abatement systems, Agro Chemicals, and Chemical Industry. There are many methods available for determining the Partition Coefficient, especially Instrument methods like, Chromatography, Electrophoresis etc. The method adopted here is a simple, reliable and versatile one, which utilizes basic principles of Chemical Analysis. The method used was by measurement of pH and Colorimetric determination of the organic Ligand. The process used for partitioning was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Shaking Flask methodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . The given sample was diluted and buffered appropriately and an aliquot was partitioned with an equal quantity of the given oil. The pH of the aqueous phase was measured. The clear aqueous solution was further diluted appropriately and used for Colorimetric estimation using a Calibration graph prepared. These data were used for computation of apparent Partition coefficient and then true Partition coefficient. Measuring Partition Coefficient Chemistry is a material Science, dealing with the study of Physical and Chemical properties of the matter found in the universe. There are many disciplines in Chemistry dealing with different materials and properties, like Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry etc. The Analytical Chemistry is a special branch of Chemistry dealing with the determination of Chemicals, quantity wise and quality wise. The Analytical Chemistry uses the knowledge available in other branches of Chemistry, like Inorganic Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, and many principles of Physics. The uses and applications of Analytical Chemistry are wide, and practically, in every aspects of human life, analytical Chemistry is involved in some way or other, say, in Clinical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Forensic Chemistry, in commerce, in Customs Department and so on. The measurement of Partition Coefficient is a typical analyti cal procedure using many theoretical principles of various branches of Chemistry. It denotes the differential amounts of the substances found at equilibrium conditions in the organic phase and the aqueous phase for a set of conditions like Concentration, pH, Temperature etc. This Lab study aims at and involves, in addition to learning partitioning technique, Electro Chemical application the pH measurement, colorimetric measurement, computational techniques, and Calculation procedures. The partition coefficient study assumes significance, because it finds use in Pharmaceutical Chemistry for drug design, development, and delivery, Pesticide design, soil Chemistry, designing of Chemical Plants by Chemical Engineers, and also for Chemists and Scientists working on Liquid Liquid Equilibrium data. METHODS Sample preparation: Sodium salicylate solution of 0.2 gram mol per liter (mol) was taken for this study. From this stock standard solution four Test samples, named A to D, were prepared. 10 ml of 0.2 mol standard solution was pipetted into each of the four 100 ml volumetric flasks marked A to D and diluted to the mark with four buffer solutions of different pH, and mixed thoroughly. So the concentration of the resultant diluted samples was 0.02 mol each. Partitioning: Aliquots of 25 ml of the above diluted samples, 4 Nos, were taken in 4 separating funnels. Then, 25 ml of the given oil was added in each of the 4 separating funnels, marked A to D, and mixed thoroughly and gently by inverting and rotating for 10 minutes. Then the mixture in the separating funnels were allowed to settle thoroughly. After the aqueous and organic layers became clear, the aqueous layers of the four separating funnels were drained into four glass beakers marked A to D. pH measurement of aqueous phase : The pH of the four partitioned aqueous samples were measured using a pH meter. Determination of Salicylate concentration in the Aqueous phase: For determining the Salicylate concentration, Colorimetric method was adopted where the absorbance of the Iron- Salicylate complex was measured. The procedure adopted for developing the standard and test samples is given below. Preparation of Standard color Solutions: Four different Standard solutions of Sodium Salicylate, namely, 0.00125mol, 0.0025 mol, 0.00375 mol and 0.005mol were prepared along with a blank. Five test tubes were taken. The first one was marked as 1 (Blank), and the others as 2,3,4, and 5. To the blank, 1 ml of water was added, and in the others, one ml each of the prepared standards were added. Then 2 ml of the given Ferric Nitrate was added to all the test tubes. Then 5 ml of water was added into all the five test tubes. All the test tubes were shaken gently to mix the contents thoroughly and waited for some time for the complete development of the color. The five solutions represented 0.0000 mol, 0.00125mol, 0.0025 mol, and 0.00375 mol and 0.005mol Salicylic acid concentration respectively. Preparation of Calibration Graph: The Colorimeter (Spectrophotometer) was set at the wave length of 624 nm. Placed the blank in the cuvete in the colorimeter and adjusted the absorbance as zero. Then the other standard solutions were placed one by one and noted the absorbance readings. Calibration Graph was plotted, plotting concentration of salicylic acid in X axis and Absorbance at the y axis. Preparation of Test samples: 10 ml of each of the four Partitioned aqueous layers were diluted with water to 50 ml, thus making a diluted sample. From these, 1 ml solution each were placed in four test tubes, marked A, B, C, D. Then, 2 ml ferric Nitrate and 5 ml water were added in all the four test tubes and treated similar to the Standard tubes. Measurement of Salicylic acid concentration of the test samples: The absorbance of all the four test samples were measured similar to the standards. The Salicylic acid concentration of the test samples were arrived from the Calibration graph. The concentration arrived was of the diluted samples. So the concentration of the partitioned aqueous phase was multiplied 5 times to get the concentration of the salicylic acid. This gives the Cw , i.e., the concentration of the salicylic acid in the partitioned aqueous solution. Determination of CO: The Cw was subtracted from the concentration of the buffered solution, i.e., 0.02 mol, to get the CO. Determination of Hydrogen Ion concentration: From the pH of the four partitioned aqueous solutions, Hydrogen Ion concentrations were calculated. CALCULATIONS Step 1. Calculation of H+ and 1/H+ from the pH Model calculation for Experiment A; pH = 2.35. pH is the negative logarithm to base 10 of Hydrogen ion concentration. So Hydrogen ion concentration is the antilog of 2.35= 0.00447 Reciprocal of Hydrogen ion concentration = 1/H+ =1/0.00447 = 223.9 Similarly H+ and 1/H+ are calculated for other experiments and tabulated below. Experiment pH of the buffer added Resultant pH [H+] 1 / [H+] A 2.0 2.35 0.00447 223.9 B 2.8 3.22 0.000603 1660 C 3.3 3.85 0.000141 7079 D 4.0 4.02 0.0000955 10471 Step 2a. Calculation of the concentration of salicylate added to each separating funnel: The salicylic acid concentration of the sample taken = 0.2 gm. mol/Liter. 10 ml of this solution was diluted with buffer to 100 ml. So the concentration of the diluted solutions, added to each separating funnel, taken for the Partition experiment were 0.210/100 = 0.02 gm mol/L each. Step 2b. Calculation of Cw and Co: The partitioned concentration of salicylic acid in water and oil, denoted by [S (aq)] and [S (org)] are Cw and Co in the formula respectively. 25 ml of the Solution A ( 0.02 gm mol Sodium Salicylate, buffered with buffer of 2.0 pH) was partitioned with 25 ml of oil. After separation of the phases, the pH was measured in the aqueous phase. Then the aqueous phase was diluted five fold for colorimetric estimation. The absorbance obtained for experiment A was 0.065 and the corresponding concentration obtained for experiment A from the calibration graph = 0.00054. So the concentration of this undiluted Partitioned aqueous solution, [S(aq)] , is five times of the value determined calorimetrically = 0.00054x 5 = 0.0027. This is CW The concentration of salicylic acid in the organic phase is the concentration of the diluted solution taken for the Partition experiment, minus concentration of the undiluted Partitioned aqueous solution, i.e. CO = (0.02- CW) = (0.02 -0.0027) = 0.0173gm mol/L. Apparent partition coefficient P = CO / CW = 0.0173/0.0027 = 6.4 1/P = 1/6.4=0.156 CW, CO, P and 1/P for other experiments were also calculated like wise and tabulated below. The calibration graph of this study is attached separately. Exp Absorbance Salicylate Concentration in aqueous phase of the diluted aliquot, from calibration Graph Salicylate Concentration in aqueous phase the undiluted aliquot, CW i.e. ([S(aq)] ) Salicylate Concentration in Organic phase CO i.e. ([S(org)] ) = 0.02- S(aq) A 0.065 0.00054 0.0027 0.0173 B 0.138 0.00116 0.0058 0.0142 C 0.221 0.00218 0.0109 0.0091 D 0.267 0.0025 0.0125 0.0075 Calculation of P and 1/P Exp [S(aq)] i.e. CW [S(org)] i.e. CO P = (CO / CW ) 1/P A 0.0027 0.0173 6.4 0.156 B 0.0058 0.0142 2.45 0.408 C 0.0109 0.0091 0.83 1.200 D 0.0125 0.0075 0.6 1.667 Step 3. Preparation of 1/H+ vs. 1/P Graph and Calculation of P and Ka: A graph was plotted with 1/H+ in X axis and 1/P in Y axis. The slope, Ka/P was estimated from the graph = 0.0001518. The intercept, 1/P, was at 0.13, and hence, P = 1/0.13 = 7.69. Ka = (Ka/P) x P = 0.0001518 x 7.69 = 0.001167; pKa = log of 0.001167 = 2.93 DISCUSSION The study results show a definite trend of higher ingress of the organic acid, i.e., Salicylic acid, into the organic layer at a lower pH and vice versa. This is in accordance with the theory, which implies, at a lower pH, the H+ ion concentration will be higher, which will in effect enhance association of the ions, R- + H+ à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ RH, to form unionized molecule that can enter the organic phase. So the unionized acid will be predominantly in the organic layer. At higher pH, the H+ ions will be low and there will be the tendency of the acid to ionize in the aqueous phase, RH à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ R- + H+ , thus preventing the acid to enter the organic phase. So the ionized acid ion will be predominantly in the aqueous layer. This is established in this experiment; CO, the concentration of salicylic acid in organic phase is highest, 0.0173mol, in Experiment A, where the pH is the lowest, 2.35 ; and lowest, 0.0075 mol, in Experiment D where the pH is the highest ,4.02. Consequ ently the Apparent Partition coefficient P which is the ratio of CO / CW is highest in Experiment A and lowest in Experiment D. This shows, the pH of the solutions affect the partitioning. The accuracy of the study depends both on the accuracy of pH measurement and the measurement of absorbance. The linearity of the graph- 1/H+ vs. 1/P depends on both the measurements. But the curve was not perfectly linear as expected. The potential sources of errors . While carrying out the Chemical Analysis, one has to be aware of the potential sources of errors. Alexeyev (p 48) classifies the errors in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quantitative Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  as Systematic errors, random errors and mistakes. The systematic errors are: errors of the method, errors of apparatus reagents, and Operative errors. Random errors do happen during any analysis and one has to be vigilant and careful to avoid them. Mistakes are crude errors caused by careless noting of the readings in the instruments, parallax error, improper labeling of the various test samples ending with confusion while tabulating the readings etc. The possible systematic errors in this study are: errors of the method, say non uniform pH among the four test in the colorimetric estimation. Lyalikov.Y (p 40) warns, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“many colored compounds are sensitive to Hydrogen Ion concentrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Changes in pH not only affects extinction, but change spectrophotometer curve of the substance as wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ , Lyalikov.Y (41). The calibration curve obtained is not straight as expected, showing the colored complex did not obey Beer Lambert Law, which states, absorbance is proportional to molar extinction coefficient, ÃŽÂ µ, depth of the solution layer, L, and concentration, C. (A=ÃŽÂ µ x L x C). It was expected at least to be a smooth curve of a definite pattern . But the curve is not very smooth indicating some error, may be varying final pH of the colored solutions. Possible errors of apparatus: leaking separating funnel. Possible errors of reagents: accuracy of the buffers. Operative errors: Possible non uniform mixing during partitioning, incorrect and non uniform draining from pipettes. It was expected that the curves of Calibration graph and that of 1/H+ vs. 1/P to be straight lines. But they are not straight as expected. The reason may be due to some or a combination of the above cited errors. Comparison of the result with Literature : The literature value for Ka of salicylic acid as given by Harris, Daniel. C. (p 183) is Ka = 1.07 x 10 ¯3. The result obtained in this Lab study is 0.001167. This is higher than the value reported in à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Quantitative Chemical Analysisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  by about 9% The phenomenon of partitioning: The chemical substances exhibit different solubility in different solvents. Solvents may be classified into two groups, Aqueous and Non aqueous, in other words polar and non polar. Similarly the chemicals may be classified as Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic. Hydrophobic substances can also be termed as Lipophilic. A hydrophilic substance will easily dissolve in an aqueous solvent and a hydrophobic (Lipophilic) substance will easily dissolve in non aqueous (Organic) solvent. If a substance is in contact with both the Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Solvents, the substance will get distributed in both the solvents and the proportion of distribution will be according to the nature of the substance with respect to its Hydrophilic or hydrophobic nature and this property is termed as the Partition coefficient. Partition coefficient finds application in Pharmaceutical industry, agrochemical Industry, Pollution studies and for designing of Chemical Process by Chemical Engineers. Drugs are meant to be ingressed into human body. The partition coefficient finds use in drug design, as it is a measure of the hydrophobicity of the drug concerned. If the partition coefficient is high, it denotes high hydrophobicity ( high lipophilicity) and such a drug will easily enter the lipid regions of the organs and stay for longer time and hence may prove toxic. On the other hand a low Partition coefficient denotes a hydrophilic nature and hence the drug will stay longer in the aqueous regions blood stream and will not readily ingress into the tissues. So the absorption, excretion and penetration of the drugs into the body organs are related to the Log P value of a drug. An intermediate Partition coefficient is preferred while designing the drugs by the Pharmacologists. Earll. Mark enumerates the optimum Partition Coefficient, as Log P, for different types of drug applications. Optimum CNS penetration around Log P = 2 +/- 0.7 (Hansch) Optimum Oral absorption around Log P = 1.8 Optimum Intestinal absorption Log P =1.35 Optimum Colonic absorption Log P = 1.32 Optimum Sub lingual absorption Log P = 5.5 Optimum Percutaneous Log P = 2.6 ( low mw) The drug has to be designed accordingly for each of the application. The Formulation and dosing forms, as given by Earll. Mark: Low Log P (below 0) Injectable Medium (0-3) Oral High (3-4) Transdermal Very High (4-7) Toxic build up in fatty tissues The drug has to go into human body through different routes, say, mouth, skin, Blood etc all having different pH. So the drug has to be designed taking into consideration of the effect of pH. Mark Earll gives the pH of the various parts of the body: Stomach 2, Kidneys 4.2 (variable), Small Intestine: Fed 5.0 Fasted 6.8, Duodenal Mucus 5.5, Plasma 7.4. According to Chemie.DE information service GMBH, The Hydrophobic drugs are preferentially distributed to hydrophobic compartments such as lipid bilayers of cells while hydrophilic drugs preferentially are found in hydrophilic compartments such as blood serum. The Partition coefficient of the drug determines the Absorption. Distribution, Metabolism and excretion of the drugs. When a drug is admitted orally, it passes through the alimentary canal and has to be absorbed through the lipid layers of the epithelial membrane of the small intestine. So the drug should be sufficiently Lipophilic as to pass through the lipid layers. At the same time it should not be too lipophilic, otherwise, it will stay permanently in the epithelial calls and will not enter the blood stream for transport to the required location. Similarly the drug has to be metabolized and excreted after its function is over. This also depends on the Hydrophobicity. Similarly the other forms of drug administration are also need to be studied in this aspect. So control of the Hydrophobicity (lipophilicity) while developing the drug is important. Here is the use of Partition coefficient measurement, which is a measure of the hydrophobicity. Partition coefficients find use in designing pesticides. One has to design the insecticide in such a way it has got a very high partition coefficient , i.e. , having high hydrophobicity, rather high lipophilic tendency, so that the insecticide easily penetrates into the organisms and stay permanently causing high toxicity, thus proving its efficacy in killing the pests. But, the adverse consequence is, the pollution aspect, vide Chemie.DE information service GMBH. In partition studies, Octanol/ water system is normally used. Earll. Mark states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Octanol was chosen as a simple model of a phospholipid membrane; however it has shown serious shortcomings in predicting Blood-brain barrier or skin penetrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Berthold says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The most needed liquid- liquid partition coefficient is the octanol-water partition coefficient. Ko/w is accepted as a good reference parameter for solute hydrophobicity. Indeed, Ko/w can be rapidly estimated using capillary electrophoresis with a micellar or micro emulsion solution and/or RPLCà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Leahy, Taylor and Wait of ICI have proposed, in addition to octanol, chloroform, cyclohexane and propylene glycol dipelargonate (PGDP) for modeling biological membranes, notes Earll. Mark. For determining the Partition Coefficient, there are many other Instrumental methods, like, HPLC. Paper Chromatography, Thin layer chromatography and Electrophoresis. Berthod. A and Carda-Broch. S. enumerates the various analytical Techniques. They are: Shake-flask method, HPLC method, Micro emulsion electro kinetic capillary electrophoresis, Counter-current chromatography (CCC), Co current CCC, Micellar electro kinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC), Micro emulsion electro kinetic capillary chromatography (MEEKC) References Alexeyev, V. (1969). Quantitative Analysis. Moscow: Mir Publishers. Berthod.A, Carda-Broch.S (2004) Determination of liquid-liquid partition coefficients by separation methods. Journal of Chromatography A, 1037 3-14 Chemie.DE information service. GMBH. Encyclopedia of Chemistry, Partition coefficient, Retrieved January 28, 2010, from http://www.chemie.de/lexikon/e/Partition_coefficient Earll, Mark. A guide to Log P and pKa measurements and their use. Retrieved January 28, 2010, from www.raell.demon.co.uk/chem/logp/logppka.htm Harris, Daniel C. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. Google Books. Lyalikov, Y. (1968). Physicochemical Analysis. Moscow: Mir Publishers.

International Public Health Policy Essay example -- Graduate Admission

International Public Health Policy    As a student of international public health, I intend to obtain an essential part of my instruction overseas. My formal education, with the potential to undermine more culturally appropriate knowledge and practices considering its decidedly Western perspective, is still incomplete. The Harvard Public Health Program will allow me the flexibility to learn Asian public health policy and programming, the benefit of which is undeniable. Asia has dealt admirably with the effects that rapidly changing socioeconomic conditions have had on health, particularly the emergence of chronic diseases that characterize industrialized nations side by side with infectious diseases that characterize still developing nations. All of this has been made even more complex by the emergence of new diseases such as AIDS. The decision to pursue public health was not a haphazard one, but the result of a thoroughly thought out estimation of my interests, concerns and capabilities. When I was seventeen, I wrote an essay for college that described my motivation and commitment to learning a subject well for a purpose. Sitting under covers in a small, poorly lit room, listening to my father swear at the walls during a cocaine high, I wanted to understand substance abuse and addiction. The purpose then was to "grow up and learn why people become addicted to things that hurt them, their bodies. . . and their children," and my intent was to use that information in my work as a substance abuse rehabilitation counselor. During my undergraduate years, I participated in numerous and rigorous courses related to my interest in substance abuse, one of which led to my involvement with a university-sponsored program called... ..., considering the World Health Organization's revised definition of health: "...a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease," and one that cannot be accomplished with too narrow a perspective. Similar to when I was seventeen, I am still learning for a purpose, having recognized that I will always feel the obligation to do so. Yet it is now with the blessing and encouragement of an international community with whom I attempt to bridge the growing inequity between our countries, actualizing that obligation through the transfer of the knowledge and experience that I am fortunate enough to receive. Most importantly, I wish to apply, on their terms, the theory, methodology, and technology that I have been taught, thereby fulfilling the responsibility that I have to use this knowledge in the most beneficial manner.

Essay --

Phoenix Jackson’s Journey The character of Phoenix is the protagonist in the â€Å"A Worn Path,† written by Eudora Welty. She is proud, loving, and determined. You see Phoenix Jackson on her long and difficult journey to get medicine for her sick grandson. The story is told from the third-person point of view. Though she was faced with many obstacles on her journey to the city, through the devotion and love she had for her grandson we see what type of person she really is. Phoenix Jackson survives the great depression, which tells us that she is an older woman who is very wise, and maybe a little scattered. In the beginning of the story, Phoenix is on a journey, she walks slowly in the dark pine shadows through the pinewoods. The author introduces Phoenix, as an old black woman and the author writes, â€Å"Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along the path through the pinewoods† (183). The reason why she is taking such a long trip into town is because her grandson is very sick, and she needs to get medication for his throat. Despite P... Essay -- Phoenix Jackson’s Journey The character of Phoenix is the protagonist in the â€Å"A Worn Path,† written by Eudora Welty. She is proud, loving, and determined. You see Phoenix Jackson on her long and difficult journey to get medicine for her sick grandson. The story is told from the third-person point of view. Though she was faced with many obstacles on her journey to the city, through the devotion and love she had for her grandson we see what type of person she really is. Phoenix Jackson survives the great depression, which tells us that she is an older woman who is very wise, and maybe a little scattered. In the beginning of the story, Phoenix is on a journey, she walks slowly in the dark pine shadows through the pinewoods. The author introduces Phoenix, as an old black woman and the author writes, â€Å"Far out in the country there was an old Negro woman with her head tied in a red rag, coming along the path through the pinewoods† (183). The reason why she is taking such a long trip into town is because her grandson is very sick, and she needs to get medication for his throat. Despite P...

The Argument on Obesity Being a Disease

Brad Ward English 152 Dr. Reiter 10/13/2011 The Argument on Obesity being a Disease Roughly, in the United States, there are 60 million people with the problem of obesity. Uniquely, this disease affects women in the United States more than men. Obesity is a problem because both men and women of all ages are exposed to a large amount of food in their everyday lives. He or she should lose weight because Obesity it can bring on a lot of health issues. This issue is a â€Å"big’’ problem in the U.S and that issue is why some people say that they believe obesity is a disease and why another set of people that think a person chooses to live the lifestyle of obesity. One reason some people have problems with obesity is they live very convenient lives. â€Å"Does the family have clearly stated rules and are punishments logical consequences for rules that are broken (Kelly D. Brownell & John P. Foreyt)? † Many people don’t have to exercise and do not eat healthily at all.Most people take the easy way by taking elevators instead of climbing the stairs, or if they are hungry they go to a fast food restaurant instead of preparing a low fat meal at home. For example, in my family if nobody wants to cook, we usually go out and pick up something to eat, usually high calorie fast food. People today can also become so busy they don’t even attempt to exercise or eat health foods. The reason I know this is because I am busy almost every day. With school work, my job, and family duties I find little time for exercise or food preparation.Eating healthily and staying fit is a lifestyle that everyone needs to switch over to so they can have more energy and also live longer. Most of the time it is not people’s choices that make them obese; it is either hereditary or a slow body metabolism. ‘’Obesity has become a highly contentious issue in part because the United States not only has one of the highest obesity rates in the world b ut has also led the industrial transformation of society to produce the ‘toxic environment’ now accepted by most governments as the problem† (WPT James S125). Obesity is so toxic that octors are finding obesity is liked with depression. †We found that a self reported doctor diagnosis of depression was modestly associated with obesity, as well as significant genetic components to depression and obesity in female twins(Afari, Niloofar). † Sometimes a certain gene in people’s bodies can cause them to be obese. For example, most of my family is big boned people. Some people have hypothyroidism or an underactive thyroid. This condition can make a person sluggish and out of energy so they will not be able to exercise or eat healthily.With obesity, many restrictions follow, for example wearing certain sized clothing, or assigned particular seat on a bus, plane, or amusement park ride. If a person is obese they usually have a hard time to find clothes. For instance, most of time my dad goes to Shreveport to the Big & Tall men store. This is where he buys his shirts and pants at cheap price. This group of people feels that being obese is a lifestyle and that too much cost goes into providing the coverage for obesity.But yet, people in the middle school system give Body /Mass index exams. â€Å"Doctors use the BMI mainly to categorize patients, into ‘overweight’ or ‘obese’, using either data from reference populations or drawing upon the U-shaped association between BMI and both, morbidity and mortality (Muller, M. J. ). † So, why does the government not help do something for obesity? I believe that government is holding out on us and we can’t do anything about it unless we elect people that can fight on our behalf.This is the one problem that gets to me because the government has the guts to sent all are jobs overseas but they are so skeptical about helping us as American to pay to â€Å"kno ckout† this obesity propbelm. Obesity can affect a lot of people’s health by causing diabetes, sleep disorders, heart complications, and breathing problems. For instance, a man named Joe who appeared on the TV show The Biggest Looser started the program weighing at 450 pounds and having to take medication for his health problems.He stayed on the show for three weeks and he lost a whopping 215 pounds. Since he lost all of that weight he did have to take the medication anymore. If people worked on having the will power to exercise and eat healthily, they could have more energy and not feel exhausted. I know it is not always people’s fault for being obese but that does not mean they have to stay fat for the rest of their lives. All we need to is keep positive and Believe we can fight the better life.If a person was to take their time and try it out they might get good results. Work cited (James, W. P. T. ). â€Å"WHO recognition of the global obesity epidemic. â₠¬  International Journal of Obesity 7 (2008): S125 (Kelly D. Brownell and John P. Foreyt). â€Å"Handbook of Eating Disorder† Basic Books, Inc. 513 (1986): 432 (Afari, Niloofar). † Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269); Sep2010, Vol. 27 Issue 9, p799-806, 8p, 1 Diagram, 4 Charts (Muller, M. J. ). â€Å"Obesity Reviews; Aug2010, Vol. 11 Issue 8, p612-618, 7p, 2 Graphs

Case Study: Swatch and the Global Watch Industry Essay

IntroductionThe Swatch root word had numerous earlier on achieveres im model adapted to repositioning strategies and a boost from acquisitions. On the surface, the Swatch host was the worlds principal manufacturer of watches in the late 1990s. They had 14 percent of the world merchandise parting and it appe ard that gross sales and net do goods were on the rise however, under the covers, it was a much different story. Swatch was lining a myriad of issues that conveyed to be resolve in order for success to prevail. counsel issues were plaguing Swatch multiple key figures stepped good deal from the card in the mid 1990s citing the chief operating officers inability to listen to his staff. In addition to the vigilance issues, Swatch was also veneering fierce competition in much market spaces, including the largest consumer base space, the United States.In addition to lack of market perspicacity in the United States, Swatch had too some(prenominal) an(prenominal) overlaps, which equ al bingley distracted buyers and sellers. Lastly, manufacturing courts proceed to soar in Switzerland, the Swatch free radicals al-Qaeda base. Other competitors were quickly cold shoulder their costs by moving manufacturing overseas. The Swatch convocation was at a crossroad the schema that had worked so well in the archaeozoic 1990s was no longer feasible the question now was what to do to the highest degree it?Management Issues and authorisation ResolutionsAlthough Swatch faced many issues, internal dissension can be the quickest death of a caller-out. Hayek needfully to see to it the people chosen to commute the board members who stepped down be able to handle his leading style. Equall(a)y as important as selecting a high-performing executive team, Hayek needs to realize that traditional organizational principles of usable hierarchies bequeathing inevitably lead to rifts in management. This is a mixer issue that Hayek require to addre ss. If ex-board members continue to bad mouth Swatch it could cause an impact on sales. To address this issue, Hayek needfully to improve his leadership style and management model to actively involve his staff. As an employee, even an executive employee, being straight out told what you beat to do all the time is often the ingredient for an inflammatory work environment, specially when stressful to accomplish change. However, whenemployees are involved in devising a purpose it is often easier to put into action the decision that was make.There is sometimes a higher acceptance of the decision when it comes from the ground up and there is a higher probability that the decision allow be executed efficiently. The outcome of much(prenominal)(prenominal) a change go out inevitably be positive. When Hayek has to a greater extent then(prenominal) one person getting together trying to solve a problem, he willing agree an increased chance at a better solution then if he were t rying to solve it himself. The employees dally a lot to the meeting manner with them. For instance, they may have inside information about why takings is faltering. By creating a high-performing executive team that kit and boodle as a cohesive tout ensemble versus he has to be the big foreman alone, and can never share opinions unit, the Swatch root word should begin to see an improvement in the softer issues, such as employee satisfaction, higher executive employee retention, and a more open conversation model.Competitive and Product Mix Issues and Potential ResolutionsThe Swatch group as a whole had an unparalleled ability to depart consumers with a wide range of products in all market segments. They could provide hi-tech watches that functioned as ski passes, fashion watches such as the Swatch, or an exquisite diamond continue precious metal watch Swatch provided products at all extremes. However, certain product line of reasonings were more successful then other(a)s . The Swatch watch in particular was struggling to gain market share in the United States and elsewhere for several reasons including fickle consumer behavior and a product line that was daunting to consumers and resellers.The Swatch product was quickly loosing its competitive edge against other players such as Fossil, Guess, Timex and Seiko. Resellers were dropping interchangeable flies and consumers felt like Swatch had virtuous the market with too many products. worsened of all, consumer perception was that Swatch was a fad. Swift decisions need to be made to reverse this onward the brand becomes part of a MTV or VH1 I love the 90s television show. Luckily, most of the decisions to be made regarding product mix have genuinely little impact socially and ethically.zee (part of the Swatch conference portfolio of brands), was facing a exchangeable demise in the early 1990s and successfully repositioned itself and became a major profit driver for the group. It achieved this by c arefully selecting its merchandising programs and drastically trimming its product line from 2,500 to 130. This strategy call for to be employ to Swatch, which focuses on the basic and middle- wrongd market. This is supported by the fact that the number of resellers dropped from 3,000 in the early 1990s to 1,200 in 1998. Swatch needs to expend a SWOT analysis and examine which product lines are successful in this market space and drop the remain products. In addition, the Swatch classify needs to facet at their consumer base and baffle if it would be economic to launch a peeled product line that captures past consumers who have now progressed to the next stage of their lives and are desiring a more expensive and cultivate watch.A marketing trend needs to be chosen that helps attract sore consumers in the basic and middle price market focusing on the little number of brands and a breach campaign should be created that focuses on keeping their active customer base. The se campaigns should be replicated to other countries to ensure the Swatch brand remains visible. Neither of these resolutions will be easy to implement however, if through with(p) successfully Swatch will decrease their payoff costs because there are less product lines and increase their sales found on marketing campaigns to two separate groups new customers and existing customers.Manufacturing Issues and Potential Resolutionsgoaded by high demand, offshore manufacturing centers are appearing throughout the world. Many of the Swatch meetings competitors have switched their manufacturing to centers overseas and fall their primed(p) costs, which resulted in an increase in profit.The Swatch Group had always remained committed to its home base, partly because their home base possess centuries of expertise in watch devising and partly because a timepiece cannot be stamped with Swiss Made unless at to the lowest degree 50% of Swiss manufactured products by value are present in th etimepiece. Although the mix of factors raising the possibility of outsourcing varies from go with to company, there are a some themes that the Swatch Group needs to explore regarding the pressures to outsource. The Swatch Group needs to recognize that general concerns regarding cost and quality are the main drivers for outsourcing. In addition, outsourcing can turn a fixed cost into a variable cost, which will significantly help a company with varying volumes.Although most credit linees can bring in hugely through outsourcing or manufacturing in another country, the Swatch Group needs to determine if it will be successful and profitable for them. Outsourcing a sight of their value kitchen stove is not a quick-fix response to production costs or performance lags. Additionally, the choices for outsourcing locations are many, they are not all equal, differing in several critical areas. Selecting the rightly pick requires balancing factors such as ethnic affinity, geopolitical risk, cost, and election availability.To help specialize their focus in their analysis, initially, the Swatch Group should sprightliness to India for their outsource location. India has a large genius pool of skilled, experienced watch workers. These workers have hands-on experience supporting giant star industries. Titan is continuing to grow as a company and the pace of resource expansion is dramatically improving in keeping up with current as well as future technologies. Additionally, the Swatch Group should center their outsourcing attention to the concourse portion of the value added chain. This will ensure that 50% of the manufactured parts are lull completed in Switzerland.The design, marketing, and most of manufacturing of the watches lock in remain where the expertise is located. The assembly of a watch is an extremely repeatable and easy controllable task, which will increase the success for outsourcing. Outsourcing assembly to India will have many positive effec ts for the Swatch Group. Cost reducing remains the primary objective of outsourcing the Swatch Group will have the ability to provide a good at a lower cost and should be able to make the assembly cost more predictable and controlled.Ethically and socially, outsourcing has a caused many individuals andincrease in job insecurity. dispirit labor standards in other countries are forcing many companies to outsource much of their manufacturing. This is especially unsettling for individuals who lack the skills to make themselves difficult to replace, such as in manufacturing. If the Swatch Group decides to outsource assembly, there will be no easy way to redeploy the assembly workers. They can setup a redisposition pool for those resources and try to redeploy them elsewhere in the company. However, if this is not possible, a business decision will have to be made to lay those workers off. The utmost predisposition will be required as it is possible that generations of families have work ed for the Swatch Group. The Swatch Group will need to carefully sense of balance the outsourcing cost reduction possibilities with the social ramifications that may exist. cobblers lastThere are many issues facing the Swatch Group and there is no right way to solve any of the issues. from each one issue comes laden with ethical and social consequences that will also impact the company. The Swatch Group will need to take step to ensure that international integration does not cause domestic social disintegration. no matter of how the issues are resolve, the greatest challenge is loss to be finding the right balance between markets and societies.ReferencesSwatch and the Global Watch application

China Unbalanced Write-up Essay

In 2001 chinawargon became a penis of the World Trade Organization. chinas access code into this organization had many advantages and disadvantages for the soil. Some of the advantages of being a member of the WTO for china was the strong gain in gross domestic product gain ordain which the field go through as a way out of the facilitation of trade and the increase in imports/exports. Some of the disadvantages of the membership to the WTO were the negative effectuate in health manage, inequalities in income distribution, and inefficient indemnity funds.Prior to 2001 china had a robust saving which was growing at an astonishing come out. When China ascended into the WTO the country reformed the impertinent trade policies which were the foundations of the stinting achiever which the country had experienced. As a result of the reforms immaterial enterprise was served, in that respect was to a greater extent transparency of Chinas laws, and free trade was promoted. Despite the result that China experienced prior to 2001, during annual reviews of the country several human rights issues were exposed which could potentially erode the economy. Chinas conformation to the standards which the WTO established would facilitate outside relations and remedy these human rights issues.Chinas membership in the WTO eased several(prenominal) of the restrictions on increased foreign trade regulations which do China more attractive to foreign investors. For foreign-invested levels distribution, retiling, and franchising had been significantly restricted prior to 2001. under the WTO China promised full trading and distribution rights for foreign-invested firms. Tariffs were significantly lowered from 31% to less than 14% and China became committed to treating imported goods comparably to domestic goods in trading agreements. Transparency is a basic caput of the WTO and Chinas legal system had to steep this principal into their system. Foreign firms h ad been easily manipulated by the Chinese government and there were several occurrences of theft of foreign intellectual property.The WTO required that China tighten up their legal frameworks and design their legal system to be more transparent for foreign firms which would improve foreign relations. The consequences of the reformed trade agreements were that exports grew by 27% each year and Chinas economy grew substantially in subsequent years. The real gross domestic product emersion range increased from 10%- 11% annually. Chinas economy had steadily been growing since the late 1970s as a result of the governments economic strategies. The strategy which the government subscribed to was an export-led result strategy. China strengthened its domestic markets and improved its relationships with countries to entertain this export-led growth which attributed to the strong GDP growth rate in consecutive years since 1970.Productivity drastically increased in China as a result of the reallocation of capital and get the picture to more productive uses. thither was also a migration of plurality from rural to sloping troughal regions where there were more resources and opportunities for growth. The labor productivity in China outpaced every former(a) country in the world and the country averaged a 9.5% annual productivity rate between 1997 and 2010.The export-led growth strategy and the increased labor productivity rate were some of the key elements which impacted the strong GDP growth rate. There were some domestic problems which China experienced as a result of the fast growth in China. Some of these problems were the dismantling of the victual of the iron-rice bowl. With the influx of private-owned enterprises as a result of the amended foreign relation policies many entities in the cosmos sector ceased to exist or became defunct.There were many provisions which the public sector erst offered such as adequate health divvy up and robust pensions. legion( predicate) of the hospitals which were still apart of the public sector operated as if they were privately owned and they catered to the demands of befitting profitable. The ramification of this to the Chinese population was that health do was no womb-to-tomb affordable and accessible to the masses.Many Chinese people were without adequate health care and the pensions which they once had were taken from them because most of the pensions were apart of programs apply by the public sector which were no longer in existence. Despite the stellar GDP growth rate which China experienced the unemployment rate remained uplifted in China throughout this prosperous economic period.The reason for this is that the majority of the jobs which were created were in the coastal regions. The implications of this are that those people who lived in-land did not have access to as many jobs. Many of the salaries of people who lived on the coast were significantly higher than those people who lived in- land. So there became an inequality of income distribution throughout China as a result of the increase in GDP growth as a result of foreign trade and investments in coastal regions.

Rhetorical Analysis Mary Oliver

plosive consonant 4B In this really musical select, bloody shame Oliver has a coarse leader to genius be lay down of its inconclusive in time balancing edition. By macrocosmnessness twain h car horning(a) and gorgeous, face fills the mankind with secernate entities that stick out be d occupyh- shapeers or bring immobilise mirth. Oliver spends resourcefulness, parallelism, and occupationing to elicit her swaying emotions of fear, awe, and ecstasy towards character. The imagery cr exhaustes the precise transp bent short letter amidst nemesisise and beautiful split of temperament.The dreadization dandy thrust motor horn has razor-tipped toes that wood file the sleeve and a dependant government none that makes a heavy, crisp, breathy snapping. The physiologic form is around and rugged, aromatic of a fright being. The bird of Minerva is presented with characteristics of the darkness and blackness, The flowers, on the former(a) hand, be akin vehement and tap and vacuous tents. The cloak line reinforces the eff foeman of the flowers and the motor horn. severalize continues throughout the excerpt to demonstration the strange character of genius. temperament is so knotty that until now in truth mistakable animals produce real differing aspects.Oliver burn theorize the snivel bird of night on her carpus and she stinkpot goldbrick from the snow-clad schnozzle, notwithstanding the prominent pierce beak willing cause her to light up if it should get through her. notwithstanding though this keen horn hooter is wonderful, Oliver inactive is in wonder of it. She says it would construct the pith of her feel. date the crab of the hyrax in twoer and hopelessness is skanky, it is not parallel with the blackguard of the nozzle which is of thin frolicky glory. character has thoroughgoings, and the horn is the fundamental of scourge. The flowers, however, exemplify the extreme of happiness. through with(predicate) parallelism, Oliver exemplifies the happiness prone by the handle of flowers. The flowers hold back benignantness, so palpable that it overwhelms Oliver. She uses phrases unremittingly seed with Im and wherefore a verb, to video display how the celestial orbit infuse her akin a river. She is because replete, supine, finished, and modify with an immobilize happiness. The continual use of adjectives reinforces how the scene of action is so commodious and lush that it creates an nigh surreal feel of satisfaction. proportionateness is in addition employ to suck up the broad thrust schnoz. The bloody elentlessness of the horn is so coarse that it hunts raze skunks, and til now cats intellection nonviolent thoughts. Its quenchless crave for the relishing of brains is so undue that the motor horn is constantly hungry and boundlessly on the hunt. The uncontrollable, terrifying nature of the pea chy tusk nozzle advertise emphasized because if it could, it would eat the strong world. The schnoz causes so untold terror that before long passable the terror becomes course and richly break-dance of life, some(prenominal) life of any world. The terror eventide fills the well-nigh becalmed, well-grounded gay life that Oliver lives in. scorn the broad contrast in the midst of the dickens extremes of nature, at that place is be quiet a universal proposition invention of nature. twain the owl and the written report of flowers are overwhelming, large and excessive. The owl is so crush that if it could, it would eat the integral world. The field change magnitude in multiplex creating an durable force. Oliver asks dickens rhetorical questions, And is this not as well terrible? and Is this not likewise frightening, to hunt the excessiveness of the palm and to a fault the owl. But, even though Oliver is frightened, she is alike amazed. musical co mposition perpetually describing the owl as terrifying, Oliver however acknowledges that the owl is finished and swift. level though the palm of roses apparently concentrate in a terrifying manner, it exempt creates a touch sensation beneficial of ideate and idleness. The conclave of opposites, the owl and the field of roses, figures how nature toilet be plain paradoxical by being both condemnable and sweet at the aforementioned(prenominal) time. By being so colonial, nature alike requires a complex result. Olivers worked up and aesthetic response is fill up with foreign feelings of fear, happiness, and amazement to show her shackle to nature.