Thomas Nagel. What is the thesis of Nagel's article The Absurd Essay

Thomas Nagel. What is the thesis of Nagel's article The Absurd - Essay Example He mostly takes the key concern on meaning of life. Thomas Nagel sets out that there are good grounds that make absurd to apply to lives. He viewed that our lives are absurd therefore meaningless that is absurdum. In his article, Nagel opens by stating four reasons for absurdum. The first reason he cites is that our being here will not be important for a very long time from now. He states nothing we do now will matter in million years to come. Thomas Nagel said that† by the same token, nothing that will be the case in a million years matters now.† He goes on and says that everything we do now in a million times will be meaningless. (Joad, 1944).  The second cite for absurdum is that he sees that we are very small as compared to the entire universe. Thomas says that the whole universe is infinite large as compared to our lives, therefore our lives are absurd for now. ... (Jaspers, 1969).   In ordinary life, life itself is absurd; Nagel puts that â€Å"when it includes a conspicuous discrepancy between pretension or aspiration and reality: someone gives a complicated speech in support of a motion that has already been passed† in addition, Thomas Nagel continues to consider what count good ground for his thesis. He claims we try to check one that has aspiration and reality. Nagel went ahead and gave an example, to demonstrate this being knighted just as trousers fall down. He went ahead and said that for most of time we live our lives as if they are not absurd, as if there is no nothing that brings changes between our aspiration and reality that makes our live absurd. Nagel had certain perspective in mind that we look at our lives from a stand, which is not involving. In this stand, we can step back and find the whole system of critics and justifications, which controls our supports and our claims to rationality which rests upon our habits the refore we should know how to disagree without circularity. Generally Nagel claims that absurd is striking sort of thing in our lives. The most interesting aspects of his article are the problem that Nagel connects problem of the meaning of life to other problems of epistemological of radical skeptics’. Actually, he claims that such skeptic come in when there is use of disengaged standpoint. Thomas Nagel says that both cases someone wills recognizes the justification made which cannot be justified without the threat of circularity. Thomas Nagel claims, â€Å"In both cases the final, philosophical doubt is not contrasted with any unchallenged certainties, though it is arrived at by extrapolation from examples of doubt within the system of evidence or

Intellectual Disability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Intellectual Disability - Essay Example One of these is Picture Exchange Communication System or P.E.C.S. This method uses discrete trail training to teach children using visual cues. There are a lot of visual cues available but there is also a Compic-programme computer that one can use in order to teach a student with autism. P.E.C.S teaches to exchange a visual cue on things that the student wants to tell, or when asking for something, or even make comments. He is being reinforced back with snacks or a praise when communication is done and effective. (Marsden, 2002) For example, a student who wants to play with a teddy bear may hand his compic of a teddy bear and teacher will give him a teddy bear to play with. One important advantage of teaching P.E.C.S is that autistic children, when well reinforced, develop less behavior problems. They are happier, less frustrated and more satisfied since their needs are met and their sense of independence is more practiced using this kind of method. This method can easily be administ ered, not only by teachers, but moreso, of parents with autistic children. Parents need to manifest efforts as their teacher s are doing so the teaching methods are not limited to the walls of the school. The ability to initiate and maintain social interaction determines ability to enhance relationships between parents or caregivers and children with autism. As shown in a study made by Stephenson and Dowrick (2005), responsitivity of parents to the behavior of children is recognized as a critical element in parent-child interaction and contributes not only to communicative development, but moreso on affective and mental development. It is highly important that parents and caregivers are educated on the teaching method of their child. Knowing the communicative content and appropriate usage of the context will greatly improve their communication with their child. A survey was made comparing between parents who can identify the signs, gestures, and body movements of their children but are not able to report sufficient detail on the context of the movements and its communicative content. and parents who have aside from identifying the body signs, gestures and body movements, know the context and communicative content of these movements. Results showed that parents who can identify the context of gestures and body movements are more educative of the communication method used on their child and tend to maintain an in-depth communicative relationship with their child. The behavior of the child is more satisfying because they are aware when to use certain gestures and at what context to use for. While picture-object relations is difficult for children with autism, another research was done to identify which effective teaching method is viable for children with language and communication disability and autism. Two methods namely the error prevention procedure and error correction procedure were both tested. Results showed that error prevention based teaching gives fewer errors than error correction method. A notable feature of these studies is that learning such relations often presents a major difficulty for children with language and developmental disabilities and autism. If learning is successful, usually this is achieved only through repeated teaching of the relation over many sessions;

Corrosion Properties of Al-B4C Composites

Corrosion Properties of Al-B4C Composites Abstract[SM1] The influences of adding B4C particles on corrosion behavior of Al-2wt.% Cu alloy was studied in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at room temperature using linear and cyclic polarization, immersion test and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS).[SM2] Nano-composites reinforced with 2, 4 and 6 wt. % B4C were produced through mechanical milling and tested to explore the B4C contents effects on the corrosion properties. [SM3]Influences of the grain size were also studied comparing the coarse-grained and milled Al matrix. Results revealed that the corrosion resistance of Al matrix decreases by reducing the particle size. Sample with 2wt.% B4C showed best corrosion resistance amongst all. Key words: Mechanical milling, Nano-composite, Al, B4C, Corrosion Introduction Metal Matrix Composites were remained the focus of attentions in aerospace, automotive and military industries in recent years. These materials offer several advantages including the high strength to weight ratio, excellent wear resistance and high stiffness compared to the original alloys. The commonly used reinforcing materials are; silicon carbide, aluminum oxide and boron carbide. Due to density differences between the reinforcements and the matrix materials, segregation has been found to be a major problem in producing metal matrix composites. Ball milling is considered to be an important technique for producing nano-crystalline composites. Growing interest for this technique is due to preparing materials with unique chemical, physical and mechanical properties. Ball milling process makes uniform distribution of reinforcement particles in the matrix, preventing the segregation which is commonly found in composites fabricated through other methods [1-4]. Effects of B4C particles as reinforcement materials on mechanical properties of aluminum base alloys are existed in the literatures, but studies on corrosion behavior for these composites are rarely reported. Corrosion behavior is a key parameter for assessing the applications of composites in marine environments. All in all, incorporation of the reinforcements into Al alloys increases the corrosion rate of composites in comparison with matrix. Primary corrosion initiation sites in MMCs[SM4] are dependent on electrical conductivity of reinforcement material, reinforcement volume fraction, intermetallic phases and corrosive environment. Grain size has also a major effect on corrosion behavior of the composites [5-9]. Present research aims at studying the corrosion properties of Al-B4C composites. The influence of different B4C contents on corrosion behavior of Al matrix composites was investigated. Coarse-grained Al matrix was also used to explore the effect of grain size on corrosion resistance. Experimental Al–2wt.% Cu and the nano-sized B4C particles were respectively used as matrix and reinforcements in fabricating the specimens. Besides a plain matrix sample, others were synthesized through mechanical alloying of the powder mixtures with 2, 4, and 6 wt.% of B4C. Ball milling was done by a planetary mill, equipped with two tempered steel vials containing Chrome steel balls (φ=20mm). The rotational speed and the ball to powder weight ratio were set at 300 rpm and 10:1, respectively. Milling process was performed at room temperature under argon gas (99.999%) atmosphere protection for 20h[SM5] to achieve steady state condition. Mechanically milled powders were then cold pressed and hot extruded with an extrusion ratio of 10:1 at 550à ¢- ¦C. Reference Al alloy sample was prepared from unmilled aluminum powder using similar pressing and extrusion processes. Electrochemical measurements including linear polarization, cyclic polarization, weight loss and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests were applied to 3.5wt.% NaCl solution at room temperature. Three electrodes system, including a working electrode, a platinum counter electrode and a silver-silver chloride electrode (Ag/AgCl) as [SM6]reference electrode were used. The exposed area of samples was polished to 1200 emery paper. Tafel tests were performed at a scan rate of 1 mV/s, from -2000mV to 500mV using a 273A Princeton Applied Research EGG model potentiostat/Galvanostat. Cyclic polarization measurements were carried out under conditions similar to Tafel test. After reaching to the 500mV point, scan direction was reversed. In order to find out the exact protection potential, scan rate of 0.5 mV/s was applied in reverse direction. Disc shape specimens (10mm in diameter and 3mm thick) were immersed in 3.5wt.% NaCl solution in atmosphere for 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. Corroded samples were cleaned according to G1 standard, [SM7]dried and weighed before and after the experiments using a balance (H- Z- K 210 model) with an accuracy of 0.00001 g. The mass losses for samples were finally measured by considering their total surface area. Phase characterization of specimens before and after the immersion were carried out through [SM8]X-ray diffraction (XRD) [SM9]technique on a Phillips X‘Pert Pro diffractometer using monochromatic Cu-KÃŽ ± radiation. Morphology and chemical analysis of samples were also characterized using scanning electron microscopy[SM10] (SEM), SU8040model, equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer [SM11](EDS). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy[SM12] (EIS) measurements were done with a frequency ranging from 10 mHz[SM13] to 100 MHz. The results were analyzed by means of Zview2 software. Result and Discussion- The milling part Fig 1 shows the morphology of Al/Cu alloy and the Al/Cu-4wt.% B4C composite after 20 h[SM14] of mechanical milling. By increasing [SM15]milling time, the particle size decreases besides narrower size distributions.[SM16] The nearly equiaxed crystal morphology of particles suggests that, the 20 h[SM17] of milling time was sufficient to reach desired steady-state condition. Results in table 1 demonstrate[SM18] that by increasing the B4C contents, the average particle size decreases. Table 1 shows the influence of B4C content on the crystallite size and the lattice strain of aluminum matrix, according to Williamson–Hall method. As expected, the mechanical milling induced severe plastic deformation, leading to the formation of nano-crystalline metal matrix. The crystallite sizes varied with B4[SM19]C contents, showing the effect of hard particles on grain refining performance of metal matrix[SM20]. It is known that the milling stages introduce plastic deformation of ductile matrix, micro-welding, and the fracture of deformed particles in metal matrix [10, 11]. As compared to mechanical milling of soft powders, the presence of hard particles causes an increase in local deformation of matrix around reinforcement particles, which indeed would enhance the work-hardening rate of metal matrix. Additionally, fracture toughness of composite powders is lower than that of the matrix material [11]. On the other hand, an increase in the content of particles results in more frequent interactions between the dislocations and the hard particles [12], which accelerating the onset of mechanical-milling stage, and contributing to grain-refinement process [11].[SM21] Microstructural examination of as-cast composites revealed that the B4C particles were not distributed uniformly in the matrix and the regional clusters of particles existed. Since the wetting by molten matrix was poor, a uniform distribution of particles could not be observed in composites fabricated by stir casting. In addition, other factors like stirring speed, pouring condition, solidification rate, etc. [SM22]have also had a noticeable influence on particles distribution. In extruded samples, a more even distribution of B4[SM23]C can be observed. Fig. 2 shows the back-scattered electron SEM micrographs of extruded composites used in this study. A uniform distribution of ceramic reinforcements is evident in both composites. In addition, there are no traces of voids in the microstructure which in turn suggests that there was full-densification of composite upon extrusion.[SM24] Result and Discussion- The corrosion part Potentiodynamic Polarization Tests The Potentiodynamic Polarization behaviors of different samples in 3.5 wt% NaCl solutions after 1 hour of testing are given in Fig. 3. Their Ecorr, icorr and ipassive values (obtained from Tafel-type fit) are summarized in Table2[SM25]. Data shows that Al-cast has a lower corrosion rate than Al-milled. As the milled alloy has finer grains, it was expected to be less corrosion resistant because of having more grain boundaries, means higher susceptibility to electrochemical reactions and hence to corrosion. [SM26]It can also be seen that the characteristics of polarization curves for B4C composite samples are quite similar to base the alloy[SM27], indicating that the reactions are similar for both. According to table 2, adding 2wt.% B4C to the base material lowered the corrosion rate slightly, because the ceramic particles may to some extent hindered electrochemical dissolution physically. On the other hand, adding more B4C particle to the composite increases the corrosion rate. In any Al alloy-B4C composites, forming intermetallic compounds plays an important role in any chemical and electrochemical reactions that take place on composite surface in a corrosive environment. Fig.[SM28] 4 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern for Al 6wt.% B4C composite. It can be seen that other than Al matrix, there would be considerable amounts of Al3BC species which were produced when the Al reacted with B4C particles. As Al is more anodic with respect to intermetallic, having more of B4C in matrix dominates the effect of physical blocking of electrochemical reactions for ceramic particles in the solution and corrosion rate increases. Therefore [SM29]other than general corrosion of the matrix, there will be galvanic corrosion between the matrix and intermetallic resulting localized corrosion (pitting) on composite surface. In Al 6wt.% B4C sample, the corrosion rate decreased. This can be explained through passivation point of view as shown in polarization curves in which, the passive current density increases by increasing the B4C content. This may be caused by the formation of more porous and unstable passive layers produced by higher intermetallic particles and also leading to more susceptibility to localized corrosion.[SM30] Weight Loss Measurements Figure 5 represents the weight losses for different samples at different immersion times. Diagram demonstrates that the Al cast has the lowest weight loss, therefore [SM31]the lowest corrosion rate of all samples. B4C composites show higher corrosion rates than Al-milled suggesting that adding B4C to samples increases the corrosion rate.[SM32] As mentioned above, adding B4C to the alloy produces Al3BC intermetallic during corrosion.SEM micrographs of the Al 6wt.% B4C before and after the immersion for 28 days [SM33]are shown in Fig[SM34] 6. Al matrix and Al3BC intermetallic are pointed out in Fig. [SM35]6. EDX analysis results of the intermetallic phase from Figure 4-b is also demonstrated in Fig.[SM36] 7. It reveals that, considerable amounts of the compound exist in the matrix [SM37]which agrees with the XRD results discussed before. Finally, it is observed that the results from immersion and polarization tests are in agreement with each other. It is indicating that besides a general corrosion, there is a galvanic corrosion between the matrix and the particles leading to localized corrosion. Cyclic Polarization Studies: Characteristic potential values such as:[SM38] pitting potential (Epit), corrosion potential (Ecor), and re-passivation potential (Erp) were determined through cyclic polarization studies. As it is observed in Fig[SM39] 8, the nature of potentiodynamic polarization curves in the 3.5% NaCl solution reveals typical characteristics of the material undergoing spontaneous passivation. Reverse scan shows a hysteresis cycle, showing the characteristics of pitting. After reaching to a maximum level, the current begins to decay without any oscillation. Following a linear current-potential relationship is suggesting that an ohmic controlled process was taking place [12-15]. Additional electrochemical parameters given in the table [SM40]are: à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¥Epit=Epit-Ecorr, à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¥Erp=Epit-Erp. à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¥Epit is a measure of the width of passive region on polarization curve, indicating the susceptibility to pitting. à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¥Erp is used to assess the repassivation behaviour of propagating pits and hence, the ease with which locally active sites can be eliminated.[SM41] à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¥Eprotection represents Erp-Ecorr and indicates the protected region. Pits are formed in this region, repassivation and larger region means more resistance to pitting for composite. [SM42]According to table[SM43] 3, the largest protection region was belonged to Al cast. Milled sample showed a smaller region and because of having more grain boundaries on the surface, by creating smaller nucleation sites for pits, made the sample more prone to pitting. [SM44]Adding B4C to samples confines the region and lowered[SM45] the resistance to pitting corrosion. EIS Studies In order to study the corrosion behavior of B4C composites and the base alloy, EIS measurements were carried out for all specimens at their Ecorr in 3.5% NaCl solution. Figure 9 shows results in the form of nyquist[SM46] diagrams. There is a common characteristic for all curves, i.e. a capacitive semicircle in the high frequency ranges. High frequency capacity loop was mainly related to the characteristics of electrical double layer formed at the interface between the adsorption layer on [SM47]metal surface and the electrolyte [12]. The biggest semicircle was noticed for the Al cast sample, indicating that the alloy has the highest resistance to corrosion. Al-BM sample has an additional semicircle in low frequency range, which may be related to the charge transfer across the metal-electrolyte interface. Another noticeable point is that, inductive loop [SM48]is related to the salt layer formation on the surface. It may also demonstrate that, [SM49]adsorption of an anion like chloride which is presented in electrolyte,[SM50] caused the pitting corrosion. Al-BM also has[SM51] lower resistance to corrosion than Al-Cast. Corrosion resistance for Al 4%B4C sample was higher than the Al-BM. But for the 2% and 6% composites, there were less improvement observed [SM52][16, 17]. Conclusion Results from electrochemical measurements which were carried out on Cast and Milled alloys and the B4C composites[SM53] showed that,[SM54] adding B4C particles to milled alloys will not [SM55]change the corrosion resistance considerably. From corrosion resistance point of view, it would be fair to say that the best sample was[SM56] the Al 2%B4C. [SM1]say kon as phrasal verb kamtar estefadeh koni [SM2]inja be nazaram was studied ro bezar akhare jomle [SM3]The [SM4]inja be nzaram bebenevis MMC mokhafafe chiye,magar inke khayli to mozoe shoma shenakhteh shodeh bashe. [SM5]20 hours [SM6]a [SM7]G1 standard. They were dried and weighed [SM8]inja benazare manbefore and after immersion ro ya toye comma bezar ya biyaresh avale jomle,chon yeho jomlato enghar ghat kardeh. [SM9]inja diffraction bayad capital bashe, magar inke aslan to hozeyeh shoma injori neveshteh mishe. manzuram mesle bala ke toye abstract EIS ro neveshti. [SM10]horofe avale ina bayad capital bashe [SM11]the same as 10SM [SM12]inro hazf kon, chon bala toye abstract neveshti ke mokhafafe chi hastesh. [SM13]inja manzoret mili hertz hastesh? [SM14]20 hours [SM15]the [SM16]besides narrower size distribution, the particle size decreases when the milling time increases. [SM17]20 hours without the [SM18]demonstrates [SM19]subscript [SM20]I think it needs rewriting! [SM21]in jomlehe khayli bolande, hamintor por az information hastesh, behtare beshkanitesh be 2 ta jomle age mishe. [SM22]inja ye comma mikhad [SM23]subscript [SM24]in jomlat nesfesh dar zamane gozashtash nesfesh dar zamane hale! [SM25]fasele beyne table va 2 [SM26] too many information in a sentence, needs rewriting. [SM27]? [SM28]Figure [SM29]a comma here [SM30]too many information in one sentence, needs rewriting. [SM31]comma [SM32].This suggests that adding [SM33]yeja in vasat masata comma mikhad.chon nemidunam chi neveshti nemidunam kojash bezaram [SM34]Figure [SM35]Figure [SM36]Figure [SM37]It reveals that there is considerable amount of the compound in the matrix. [SM38]ino hazf kon [SM39]Figure [SM40]which table? [SM41]needs rewriting [SM42]needs rewriting [SM43]Capital [SM44]too long! [SM45]past or present? [SM46]N [SM47]the [SM48]point is the inductive loop which is [SM49]the [SM50]behtare kole in beyne comma bashe. [SM51]present or past? [SM52]less improvement was observed. [SM53]in behtare beyne 2 ta coma bashe. [SM54]ino delet kon [SM55]does not [SM56]is

F1 :: essays research papers

It really all started at the end of the first lap of 1988 Portuguese Grand Prix. Aryton Senna and Alain Prost were nearing the end of their first season driving together in the totally dominant Mclaren Honda team. All season long, the tension between these two great drivers had been building as the battle for the drivers crown intensified. But, even the most informed observer in Portugal could never have dreamt of what was about to be unleashed along with its impact on the consequences for Formula One. As the two Mclarens entered the pit straight to complete the first lap, Senna led, but Prost, having carried more speed through the final turn, was firmly in his slipstream. As Prost pulled out to complete the pass, Senna swerved to the right, Prost, refusing to lift, kept coming. Soon the cars were side by side, wheels interlocking at 180 MPH. Prost was just inches from the pit wall. Prost made the pass and duly won the race. Afterwards, furious at such tactics by a fellow driver, he is reported to have stated "If he (Senna) wants the World Championship so badly, he can have it." Prost's rage was due to the fact a basic rule of Motor Racing had been broken, and not by some F3 novice, but by a driver blessed with such enormous talent that he should have been able to find other ways to win in the supposed pinnacle of the sport, Formula One. Since motor racing began, the "slipstreaming pass" was the classic way to overtake. It relies on the fact that the leading car does not deviate too much from its line on the straight. There was no rule to enforce this, it was just taken for granted. If a slower car just weaved all over the road overtaking would be impossible, but that was against the "spirit" of racing. More of course was to come, much more. The inaction of the governing body of Formula One sent its message out loud and clear. Clearly Senna now felt that if he could get away with "swerving", then the next step would be "shutting the door firmly". This he duly did to Nigel Mansell at the same race the following year. Mansell, having slipstreamed Senna on the pit straight, went for the inside at the following right hand corner. Senna, refusing to be passed, moved over and the ensuing contact took them both out of the race.

Climate Zones Essay

The word is divided into 6 climate zones. These zones depend on several factors. The first is temperature; if a country lies near the equator it tends to be hot; but if it’s near the poles it tends to be colder. A country can also have a cold climate if it’s very mountainous with most of its land sitting well above sea level. Wind direction can also influence climate. If winds are being blow from a hot area they will raise temperatures, the opposite is also true. If winds have been blown from cold areas, they will lower temperatures. Closeness to the sea is also important in deciding a country climate. That’s because the sea cannot warm up or cool down as much as land. So coastal areas don ´t really experience extremes in temperature, but areas and countries well away from the influences of the sea can get very hot and very cold. Not every part of the world has the same seasons either. We have four seasons; summer, winter, fall and spring. However, some countries only have two seasons. A wet season and a dry season, whilst countries on the equator can have the same temperature and weather all the yearlong. There are 6 different climate zones. These are temperate, where winters are cold and summers are mild; polar where its very cold and dry and all year long; arid, here its stays dry and hot; tropical, where it stays hot and wet all of the year; Mediterranean, where the winters are mild and the summers hot and dry; mountainous, where it stays very cold throughout the year. TEMPERATE ZONE Temperate climates don’t have extremes of temperature or rainfall; it’s neither too warm or too cold, too wet or too dry. Temperate climate can be quite changeable, one day it could be raining, the next that may be sunny it is also very difficult to forecast. POLAR ZONE Polar climates stay very cold throughout the year. They include the tundra and ice cap climates, where temperatures stay below freezing all of the time. ARID ZONE Arid climates are normally hot and also very dry so they have severe lack of water. TROPICAL ZONE Countries close to the equator, where the weather is hot and humid have tropical climate. In tropical climate during the wet season, it can rain very heavily almost every day. MEDITERRANEAN ZONE A Mediterranean climate produces hot, dry and cooler wetter winters. This type of climate occurs in regions around Mediterranean Sea; but you can also get a Mediterranean-style climate. MOUNTAINOUS ZONE A mountain climate usually refers to countries with high lands consequently; the climate is normally cold and with occasional snow. Alpine climates consisting of glaciers, high level pastureland and rare plant life are also included in this climate zone. CLIMATE CHANGE Scientists believe that the world’s climate is changing as a result of the huge quantities of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that were pumping into the Earths atmosphere. This had led to increasingly unpredictable and extreme weather so as the Earth heats up in the years ahead, we may find that the climate in each of these zones could change too. Four instances, our polar regions may experience milder weather causing the ice caps and permafrost to melt. Some scientists also believe that climate change may also make the Amazon region much drier resulting in the large-scale destruction of tropical rainforest. SUMMARY: The earth has six climate zones; temperate zone, polar zone, arid zone, tropical zone, Mediterranean zone, and mountainous zone. TEMPERATE ZONE Temperate climates don’t have extremes of temperature or rainfall; it’s neither too warm or too cold, too wet or too dry. POLAR ZONE Polar climates stay very cold throughout the year. ARID ZONE Arid climates are normally hot and also very dry. TROPICAL ZONE In tropical climate during the wet season, it can rain very heavily almost every day. MEDITERRANEAN ZONE A Mediterranean climate produces hot, dry and cooler wetter winters. MOUNTAINOUS ZONE The climate is normally cold and with occasional snow. CHANGE IN THE FUTURE: World’s climate is changing as a result of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that were pumping into the Earths atmosphere. This had led to increasingly unpredictable and extreme weather so as the Earth heats up in the years ahead; the climate in each of these zones could change too.

Lilys life style in the sociiety and roxy eager to help her child

Pudd’nhead Wilson and   The House of Mirth are both tragedies which concentrate on the miseries of women who are the victims of either their own expectations or the society’s expectations of them. In true Twain tradition, Pudd’nhead Wilson deals with the tragedy, thickly laced with his characteristic satire. It is believed that Twain wrote this during one of his dark periods in life when he was going through pessimism created by his financial debacles. The protagonist of the work, Roxy is a slave who can pass of as a white (though she is one sixteenth black). And she is brave. â€Å"Courage is resistance to fear, mastery of fear – not absence of fear.† ( Twain, 36) In order to create a better life for her son, she exchanges him at birth with the son of her white master. But as fate would have it, her son turns out to be unworthy of the white man’s inheritance and his life goes astray. He even sells her forcibly to a white man in exchange for his gambling debts. In the House of Mirth, Edith Barton takes the readers through the life of highly desirable Lily bart, who sabotages the prospects of many suitors only to find herself decline into squalid dinginess, only to die of a sleeping draught overdose (perhaps accidentally). Most of the novel is the pursuit of money. â€Å"Society is a revolving body which is apt to be judged according to its place in each man’s heaven;† (Wharton, Chapter 4, Book I) Lily suffers because of two factors. She is incapable of following her heart and removing money as a vital point of the equation, therefore she suffers the constant heartburn of rejection. She is also not completely efficient in her manipulation of the society around her that she is not entrenched enough to counter the allegations of Bertha against her (of adultery with her husband) Paradoxically, both novels deal with freedom and slavery. While Twain deals with literal slavery and the lengths to which a mother, Roxy can go to ensure that her son escapes the clutches of slavery that she suffers, Barton talks about slavery to the pursuit of money. In the house of mirth, Lily starts feeling free when she has money and starts feeling enslaved when she does not have sufficient money. But the irony is she is always enslaved to the concept of money. Human folly led by social pressures and an inability to follow one’s heart are the causes of the tragedy of Lily, while several unfortunate incidents that start with a noble intention form the crux of Roxy’s tragedy. She is freed by her white master whom she deceives by exchanging her son with his and she is again sold off by her own son who does not know the truth. This is one of the best dramatic and tragic elements used by Twain in any of his works. Perhaps the most glaring similarity between the two novels is the way in which debts ruin a person’s judgment and lead him/her progressively towards more dreaded consequences. Lily’s unintentional debt to Gus when she starts being lavish imagining the money he gives her to be her own returns from the stock market marks the beginning of her end. Similarly â€Å"Tom† gambles heavily and this leads him into finding shadier and indirect means to repay these debts, resulting in a murder of his own uncle. In spite of the fact that neither Edith Wharton nor Mark Twain try overtly to convey any message to the readers, both these novels work as a danger signal posts which need to be looked out for to avoid any pitfalls related to monetary judgment and human judgment as a whole. Works Cited Twain, Mark. Pudd’nhead Wilson. NewYork: Courier Dover Publication, 1999 Wharton, Edith. The House of Mirth. NewYork: Norton, 1990

Hepatitis B essays

Hepatitis B essays The disease known as Hepatitis B is caused by the infectuous Hepatitis B virus (HBV). HBV alone has infected about 400 million people in the world, which makes HBV one of the most common pathogens. Almost 700 million U.S. Dollars are spent every year for treating Hepatitis patients. HBV is a 42 nm doubleshelled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) virus of the class Hepadnaviridae. The outer surface membrane contains Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which also circulates in blood as 22 nm spherical and tubular particles. The inner core of the virus contains Hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAG), Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), a single molecule of partially doublestranded DNA, and DNA dependent DNA polymerase. Hepatitis B is transmitted by sexual contact or by blood. People who are at risk by being infected by HBV are drug users, homosexuals, active heterosexuals, infants born from infected mothers and children of immigrants from disease-endemic areas. Symptoms of HBV are yellowness of skin, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, vomiting and itermittent nausea.When a person becomes infected with the Hepatitis B virus he will carry the virus for a period of about 30 - 180 days. Hepatitis B is a serious disease, responsible for an estimated 4000 - 5000 deaths each year in the United States due to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) one of the most common cancers afflicting humans is primarily caused by chronic HBV infection. Hepatitis B is treated by the vaccine. HBsAg is the primary component of the Hepatitis B vaccine; this antigen induces a protective, neutralizing antibody that provides longterm protection against HBV infection. The Hepatitis vaccine prevents from being infected by the disease and prevents its serious consequences. Therefore, it is the first anti-cancer vaccine. The Hepatitis B vaccine is strongly endorsed b ...

Three Types of Legitimate Authority †Max Weber

Three Types of Legitimate Authority – Max Weber Free Online Research Papers The three types of legitimate authority are concepts created by Max Weber, a German economist and sociologist. According to Weber, legitimacy of a system of domination contributes to the systems stability and authority. Weber defines three major types of legitimate authority: legal or rational, traditional, and charismatic. These three forms show how it is possible for some people to exercise power over others. Legal or rational authority is rooted in rules that have been legally established. In legal or rational authority, a system of legal rules are use to guide all members of the group. This practice is followed by all levels of the hierarchy from the superiors to the subordinate. The persons appointed at the top are elected into that position by following legal procedures and are expected to follow the legal rules to limit their power. These legal rules usually develop over time as the needs of the group change. This form of authority is most effective in modern corporate culture. The structure in place creates checks and balances amongst all levels so that one party does not venture off onto their own agenda. Policies are enacted to ensure that employees within the company adhere to methodologies created to guide that company’s performance and success. Western world government is much known for their use of legal or rational authority. Having a structure in place that is based on laws to govern all hierarchical levels ensures that members are adhering to a concise format of governing. Traditional authority is mainly based on traditions of the past. Groups under this structure feel that their guidance is based on the sanctity of age-old custom and influence. Unlike legal or rational authority, traditional authority is not governed by rules, but is usually inherited with historical ties. Traditional authority has existed around the world since the beginning of documented time. A modern-day form of this authority still exists in the UK, with the Queen of England appointed in top control. However, the governing powers have since moved to legal or rational authority. One could say that your typical traditional family encompasses traditional authority in that it is customary for the man of the house to provide the structure and guidance within that family. For many years, businesses have been comprised of leaders put into place by their Fathers, relatives or close friends. We tend to still see this traditional authority in smaller companies where there is little need for legal or rational authority. Charismatic authority is based on the idea that one is in a position of power due to his or her magnetism. That is, his or her charisma is a quality that is considered extraordinary. The collections of people that would consider this person to be their leader are at times called disciples or followers. These followers may consider their leader to be gifted with supernatural or superhuman powers or qualities. In reality, the true presence of these powers are irrelevant, it is the fact that the followers believe these qualities to be true is what is important. Devoted members are usually appointed into positions of power within this structure based on their own charisma and devotion to the person seen to be in charge. Jim Jones would be considered a leader with charismatic authority. In 1978 the members of the People’s Temple followed Jim Jones to their own demise in the belief that he held the key to their salvation. In corporations today, usually a person that exudes charisma becomes a leader that is easily elevated into top positions and followed with a high amount of respect. However, these charismatic executives are still expected to follow the legal or rational authority set in place by the company that they represent. Research Papers on Three Types of Legitimate Authority - Max WeberPETSTEL analysis of IndiaThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesBringing Democracy to AfricaCapital PunishmentOpen Architechture a white paperHip-Hop is ArtBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Project Managment Office System

Bottle Gourd Domestication and History

Bottle Gourd Domestication and History The bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) has had a complex domestication history written for it over the past twenty years. However, recent DNA research suggests that it was domesticated three times: in Asia, at least 10,000 years ago; in Central America, about 10,000 years ago; and in Africa, about 4,000 years ago. In addition, the bottle gourds dispersal throughout Polynesia is a key part of evidence supporting the possible Polynesian discovery of the New World, circa 1000 AD. The bottle gourd is a diploid, monoecious plant of the Cucurbitacea. The plant has thick vines with large white flowers that open only at night. The fruit comes in a large variety of shapes, selected for by their human users. The bottle gourd is primarily grown for its fruit, which when dried forms a woody hollow vessel that is suitable for containing water and food, for fishing floats, for musical instruments and for clothing, among other things. In fact, the fruit itself floats, and bottle gourds with still-viable seeds have been discovered after floating in seawater for more than seven months. Domestication History The bottle gourd is native to Africa: wild populations of the plant have recently been discovered in Zimbabwe. Two subspecies, likely representing two separate domestication events, have been identified: Lagenaria siceraria spp. siceraria (in Africa, domesticated some 4,000 years ago) and L. s. spp. asiatica (Asia, domesticated at least 10,000 years ago0. The likelihood of a third domestication event, in Central America about 10,000 years ago, has been implied from genetic analysis of American bottle gourds (Kistler et al.), Domesticated bottle gourds have been recovered in the Americas at sites such as Guila Naquitz in Mexico by ~10,000 years ago. Bottle Gourd Dispersals The earliest dispersal of the bottle gourd into the Americas was long believed by scholars to have occurred from the floating of domesticated fruits across the Atlantic. In 2005, researchers David Erickson and colleagues (among others) argued that bottle gourds, like dogs, had been brought into the Americas with the arrival of Paleoindian hunter-gatherers, at least 10,000 years ago. If true, then the Asian form of the bottle gourd was domesticated at least a couple of thousand years before that. Evidence of that has not been discovered, although domestic bottle gourds from several Jomon period sites on Japan have early dates. In 2014, researchers Kistler et al. disputed that theory, in part because it would have required the tropical and subtropical bottle gourd to have been planted at the crossing place into the Americas in the Bering Land Bridge region, an area far too cold to support that; and evidence for its presence in the likely entryway into the Americas has yet to be found. Instead, Kistlers team looked at DNA from samples in several locales in the Americas between 8,000 BC and 1925 AD (included Guila Naquitz and Quebrada Jaguay) and concluded that Africa is the clear source region of the bottle gourd in the Americas. Kistler et al. suggest that the African bottle gourds were domesticated in the American Neotropics, derived from seeds out of gourds which had drifted across the Atlantic. Later dispersals throughout eastern Polynesia, Hawaii, New Zealand and the western South American coastal region may have been driven by Polynesian seafaring. New Zealand bottle gourds exhibit features of both subspecies. The Kistler study identified the Polynesia bottle gourds as L. siceria ssp. asiatica, more closely related to Asian examples, but the puzzle was not addressed in that study. Important Bottle Gourd Sites AMS radiocarbon dates on bottle gourd rinds are reported after the site name unless otherwise noted. Note: dates in the literature are recorded as they appear, but are listed in roughly chronological order from oldest to youngest. Spirit Cave (Thailand), 10000-6000 BC (seeds)Azazu (Japan), 9000-8500 BC (seeds)Little Salt Spring (Florida, US), 8241-7832 cal BCGuila Naquitz (Mexico) 10,000-9000 BP 7043-6679 cal BCTorihama (Japan), 8000-6000 cal BP (a rind may be dated ~15,000 bp)Awatsu-kotei (Japan), associated date 9600 BPQuebrada Jaguay (Peru), 6594-6431 cal BCWindover Bog (Florida, US) 8100 BPCoxcatlan Cave (Mexico) 7200 BP (5248-5200 cal BC)Paloma (Peru) 6500 BPTorihama (Japan), associated date 6000 BPShimo-yakebe (Japan), 5300 cal BPSannai Maruyama (Japan), associated date 2500 BCTe Niu (Easter Island), pollen, AD 1450 Â   Sources Thanks to Hiroo Nasu of the Japanese Association of Historical Botany for the latest information about Jomon sites in Japan. This glossary entry is a part of the About.com guide to Plant Domestication and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Clarke AC, Burtenshaw MK, McLenachan PA, Erickson DL, and Penny D. 2006. Reconstructing the Origins and Dispersal of the Polynesian Bottle Gourd (Lagenaria siceraria). Molecular Biology and Evolution 23(5):893-900. Duncan NA, Pearsall DM, and Benfer J, Robert A. 2009. Gourd and squash artifacts yield starch grains of feasting foods from preceramic Peru. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106(32):13202-13206. Erickson DL, Smith BD, Clarke AC, Sandweiss DH, and Tuross N. 2005. An Asian origin for a 10,000-year-old domesticated plant in the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(51):18315–18320. Fuller DQ, Hosoya LA, Zheng Y, and Qin L. 2010. A Contribution to the Prehistory of Domesticated Bottle Gourds in Asia: Rind Measurements from Jomon Japan and Neolithic Zhejiang, China. Economic Botany 64(3):260-265. Horrocks M, Shane PA, Barber IG, D’Costa DM, and Nichol SL. 2004. Microbotanical remains reveal Polynesian agriculture and mixed cropping in early New Zealand. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 131:147-157. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2004.03.003 Horrocks M, and Wozniak JA. 2008. Plant microfossil analysis reveals disturbed forest and a mixed-crop, dryland production system at Te Niu, Easter Island. Journal of Archaeological Science 35(1):126-142.doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2007.02.014 Kistler L, Montenegro , Smith BD, Gifford JA, Green RE, Newsom LA, and Shapiro B. 2014. Transoceanic drift and the domestication of African bottle gourds in the Americas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111(8):2937-2941. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1318678111 Kudo Y, and Sasaki Y. 2010. Characterization of Plant Remains on Jomon Potteries Excavated from the Shimo-yakebe Site, Tokyo, Japan. Bulletin of the National Museum of Japanese History 158:1-26. (in Japanese) Pearsall DM. 2008. Plant domestication. In: Pearsall DM, editor. Encyclopedia of Archaeology. London: Elsevier Inc. p 1822-1842. doi:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00081-9 Schaffer AA, and Paris HS. 2003. Melons, squashes and gourds. In: Caballero B, editor. Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition. second ed. London: Elsevier. p 3817-3826. doi: 10.1016/B0-12-227055-X/00760-4 Smith BD. 2005. Reassessing Coxcatlan Cave and the early history of domesticated plants in Mesoamerica. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102(27):9438-9445. Zeder MA, Emshwiller E, Smith BD, and Bradley DG. 2006. Documenting domestication: the intersection of genetics and archaeology. Trends in Genetics 22(3):139-155. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2006.01.007

International Financial Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

International Financial Management - Assignment Example Pertaining to planned investments in South Africa by Neptune, this report outlines the possible threats of local firms’ resistance and how Neptune might respond to them. Finally, the report outlines the effects of currency variation of citing production abroad, if Neptune let sales in South Africa to be in Rand. Effects of the Possibility that the United States will take Action to reduce its Current Account Deficit on Neptune The current account deficit refers to a situation where the total imports into a country exceed the total exports (RupyaGyan, 2013). Reduction of the current account deficit means a reduction in the quantity and value of imports and an increase in the quantity and value of exports. The major aim of this move is to encourage and promote exports while protecting local firms of a country. However, it should be noted that a switch in expenditure from foreign to home goods reduces foreign income (Jones, 2003, p, 641). For instance, For instance, industrial cou ntries sought to reduce their current account deficits by reducing oil imports or increasing their exports to other countries. As exports increase, current account deficit reduces (Siddaiah, 2010, p, 71). The possibility that the United States will take action to reduce its current account deficit will pose various effects on Neptune Plc. ... Effects on Neptune Plc if it continues to Export Water Pumps to the United States If the United States’ government takes action to reduce its current account deficit, then the government’s main objective will be to reduce imports to its country and increase its exports. Most governments use the policy of reduction of the current account deficit to divert the expenditure of consumers away from imports and direct it towards home produced goods. Countries limit imports to reduce current account deficit (Neave, 2009, p, 301).This means that, as United States’ residents turn their attention to home produced water pumps, they will spend more in purchasing American manufactured water pumps and spends less in buying foreign manufactured water pumps that have been exported to the United States. Consequently, the demand for foreign manufactured water pumps, Neptune Plc’s water pumps being among the category is likely to reduce drastically. This is because Neptune Pl c manufactures water pumps in Europe and exports to the United States of America. Consequently, this will lead to a decrease in profits because sales shall have decreased because of that scenario. The possible ways that the United States’ Government can use to reduce the current account deficit include demand-switching policies, foreign goods demand reducing policies and supply side policies (Gillespie, 201, p, 493). The use of tariff levies means that the United States’ Government will impose tax on imports. Definitely, imports’ prices will go up. This is because foreign companies that export goods to the United States, Neptune Plc being one of them, will raise prices of their water pumps to maintain their profit levels. As the prices of

Physical Education in Primary Schools Dissertation

Physical Education in Primary Schools - Dissertation Example   Thus it is a key course and primary schools ought to have a coach of the physical education program. Even though the physical education teachers are educated in various public and private physical education institutions, the key points of the curriculums are the same (Thompson, 1996).   Appreciate the fact that all of the Physical Education programs for the eight-year mandatory primary schools are monitored and constituted through the ministry of education. on the other hand, the P.E. curriculums for education coaches are administrated centrally and monitored by the ministry of education. A few special programs for training and preparing quality physical education and sports coaches to train high-level physical education and sports subjects at 8-year compulsory primary education schools are needed.   The effectiveness of the current programs that applied at majority primary schools is an important concern of this study. One of the main the purposes of this research is to find out to what extent the physical education coaching programs that are presently used by those higher institutions are effectively and successfully training preparing physical education coaches to train sports at primary schools (Armour & Yelling, 2004).   Educations can be said to be a planned and programmed process which is applied in order to achieve the desired changes in the behavior of a pupil. The main basic and elements of education are the student and the teacher. In addition to lecturing the role of a teacher should be directed mostly towards guiding and advising the pupil. The same applies when it comes to coaching physical education and sports.

Examine the sources of English Law and comment on the relevance they Essay

Examine the sources of English Law and comment on the relevance they hold for the construction or property professional. You should in particular comment on the - Essay Example Hence, his conduct is therefore dependent upon the manner that laws develop, such that as policies and regimes change, affecting the principles of private property, the devices available to property professionals are likely to change, as well. Thus, given the recent changes brought about European Union (â€Å"EU†) legislations in English law, this essay will therefore assess the effects of EU legislations in English property law to determine its relevance on the duties of property professionals. Within English law, the rules governing property have been, for most part, determined by legislations made by the Crown and Parliament, as the land’s formal law-making authority. However, as Galbraith and colleagues have illustrated, this rule-making institution, although the supreme author of the law, is in practice subject to a number of limitations determined by statutory interpretation, in giving the legislation’s â€Å"true meaning†; and European legislation, as part of English law (2004, pp. 3-4, 9). For the property professional, this is of relevance for a number of reasons. First, as the supreme author of the law, the Crown and Parliament, through legislation, determines the core devices, rules, and standards property professionals must abide by in practicing their profession. However, whereas practitioners can be widely knowledgeable on the relevant legislations affecting their practice, the bulky system of precedent developing under case law altering standards and procedures informally necessarily calls for property professionals to change the way they conduct their responsibilities as well (Abbey & Richards, 2005, p.31). Second, given that equity is a pervasive element of land law where court judges have a broad discretion in distinguishing disputes brought to court in the context of equitable rights over land;

Ji-Woon Kims A Bittersweet Life Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ji-Woon Kims A Bittersweet Life - Movie Review Example The second type of narration could come under a nonlinear form of narrative, as the story is revealed in a disjointed and non-chronological order. Even when the film takes a chronological or linear narrative structure, certain events could go to and fro. So, films could maximally include different narrative structures or could take a narrative structure, which could balance different aspects of the plot or the character. This balancing act or tightrope walking form of narrative structure is adopted by many filmmakers. In the case of the Korean film, A Bittersweet Life, written and directed by Ji-Woon Kim, the narrative structure takes an intense and at the same time stylish tightrope walk between violence and philosophy of life, or if said in another way between recklessness and reflection. Visually also, it mixes well-choreographed action scenes with more transcendental based settings, wide-angle shots, character’s outlook, body language, etc. As a function of a film’s narration, characters around Sun-woo appear increasingly bizarre and unpredictable all the time, but his character was one of calmness, with violence exhibited at appropriate situations. Sun-woo, who is a manager of hotel La Dolce Vita, is a no ordinary manger, there is a ‘volcano’ behind that calm facade. Young and handsome, a tightly controlled gang enforcer in a narrow black suit who is decisive and efficient, he is also the trusted right-hand man of his underworld boss (Mr.Kang). He served Mr.Kang like a faithful dog for 7 years committing extreme violence for him, but at the same, he leads a lonely existence with his unflinching loyalty In line with the narrative structure of philosophy mixed with violence, the film starts with a Buddhist parable, â€Å"Master, are the branches moving or is it the wind?†

Industry Analysis by Stage in PLC Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industry Analysis by Stage in PLC - Essay Example The market is expected to grow continually for a decade. At 2013, the forecasted market value is $10.7 billion with a 9.4% growth from 2008 and a market volume of 3.8 billion liters with an 8.5% increase since 2008. (Datamonitor, 2008) The condition of the ice cream industry is influenced by several external factors. Social factors such as health issues can affect the buying behavior of consumers. The recent peanut butter recall due to contamination has decreased retail sales on peanut flavored ice cream. Obesity concerns and health trends has pushed manufacturers to launch new products that address the growing trends. (Peot, 2008) Economic factors such as recession affect the buying behavior of consumers and packaging techniques of producers. According to Berry, consumers budget their purchases during slower economic times and prefer to eat ice cream at home. The supermarket sales of ice cream increased because of this purchasing behavior. (Berry, 2009) Supermarket store chains have benefited an increase in sales of their private labels through this change (Ice Cream Going Private Label, 2009). Manufacturers, on the other hand, downsize its packaging due to increased raw material costs and energy expenditures. They have decreased the packaging volume in order to maintain, if not lower, the retail price of their products. (Berry, 2009) The US ice cream market is assessed as highly competitive. ... The market is dominated by three large companies. Unilever, Nestle and Blue Bell Creameries are the three well known companies. (Datamonitor, 2008) Unilever is a diversified company that engaged in global manufacturing and marketing of consumer goods in food, personal and homecare segments. The company generates revenues through different business divisions, one of which is ice cream and beverages. Their ice cream brands include Good Humor, Cornetto, Ben & Jerry's and Breyers. (Datamonitor, 2008) Nestle is engaged in the business of manufacturing and marketing branded food and beverages through six business divisions. One division involves milk products, nutrition and ice cream. The ice cream business carry the brands such as Slow Churned Dreyer's Grand Light, Sveltesse stick, Haagen Dazs and Legend Real Dairy. (Datamonitor, 2008) Blue Bell Creameries is engaged in the production and marketing of ice cream. The company sells its ice cream under the Blue Bell brand and has around 50 different ice cream flavors including Homemade Vanilla, its flagship flavor. (Datamonitor, 2008) Market Segments The ice cream market is fragmented. The segmentation is based on the preference and taste of consumers. The market segment is best categorized below. SEGMENT NAME SEGMENT PROFILE Premium Lovers Indulge in premium and super-premium quality ice creams; non-price sensitive; buy ice cream based on taste and high quality ingredients; prefers foodservice and dining out; mostly adults with higher incomes Wellness Aficionados Only eat ice creams that are labeled reduced fat, low-fat, non-fat or light products; weight conscious eaters; mostly women, prefer to buy based on the health benefits of the product; looks for

Ji-Woon Kims A Bittersweet Life Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ji-Woon Kims A Bittersweet Life - Movie Review Example The second type of narration could come under a nonlinear form of narrative, as the story is revealed in a disjointed and non-chronological order. Even when the film takes a chronological or linear narrative structure, certain events could go to and fro. So, films could maximally include different narrative structures or could take a narrative structure, which could balance different aspects of the plot or the character. This balancing act or tightrope walking form of narrative structure is adopted by many filmmakers. In the case of the Korean film, A Bittersweet Life, written and directed by Ji-Woon Kim, the narrative structure takes an intense and at the same time stylish tightrope walk between violence and philosophy of life, or if said in another way between recklessness and reflection. Visually also, it mixes well-choreographed action scenes with more transcendental based settings, wide-angle shots, character’s outlook, body language, etc. As a function of a film’s narration, characters around Sun-woo appear increasingly bizarre and unpredictable all the time, but his character was one of calmness, with violence exhibited at appropriate situations. Sun-woo, who is a manager of hotel La Dolce Vita, is a no ordinary manger, there is a ‘volcano’ behind that calm facade. Young and handsome, a tightly controlled gang enforcer in a narrow black suit who is decisive and efficient, he is also the trusted right-hand man of his underworld boss (Mr.Kang). He served Mr.Kang like a faithful dog for 7 years committing extreme violence for him, but at the same, he leads a lonely existence with his unflinching loyalty In line with the narrative structure of philosophy mixed with violence, the film starts with a Buddhist parable, â€Å"Master, are the branches moving or is it the wind?†

History of H&M Essay Example for Free

History of HM Essay H M, (Hennes Mauritz AB) is a Swedish multinational retail-clothing company, known for its trendy fashion clothing for men, women, teenagers and children. It started out as a single womenswear store in 1947, and subsequently transformed to a global company offering fashion for the whole family, and their home. The business concept is to give the customer unbeatable value by offering fashion and quality at the best price. HM ensures the best price by having few middlemen, having a broad, in-depth knowledge of design, fashion, textiles, buying the right products from the right markets, and being cost-conscious at every stage. HM is driven by seven core values, namely; Keep it simple, Straight forward and open-minded, Constant improvement, Entrepreneurial spirit, Cost conscious, Team work, Belief in people. HM’s quality testing is extensive, coupled with hard work to make sure goods are produced with least possible environmental impact and under good working conditions. Production is outsourced to independent suppliers as HM does not own any factories. Apart from this, HM does not own any of its stores, as they rent store space from international and local landlords. HM is present in 43 countries and has employed about 94,000 people as of 2011. It has 2,325 stores at end of 2011 and 2,629 stores at end of August 2012. It is ranked the second largest global clothing retailer behind Zara and No. 1 user of organic cotton worldwide. Current Logistics process of HM HM does not own any factory, they have outsourced to external suppliers that managed two departments: Procurement and Production. The Procurement function focuses on customers, fashion and composition of the range. The clothing designs are created in Sweden by around 100 internal designers, 50 pattern designers and an estimated 100 buyers. HM’s method of production is customer-driven. The company puts emphasis into research and forecasting of emerging trends, both through traditional research methods and innovative ones such as street trends. This activity is conducted by central staff and national offices which are responsible for detecting new trends. The production function involves 21 production offices. HM purchases garments from about 750 suppliers, in which 60% of production takes place in Asia and the rest mainly in Europe. The production offices have a mediating function between the internal buying department and external suppliers. They ensure that the buyers’ orders are sent to the right supplier, the goods produced are of the correct price and quality and that the suppliers adhere to the company’s code of conduct. Additionally, production offices also deal with the checking and testing of sample garments, which contributes to reducing lead times. The decision of determining which supplier is the right one is not only a matter of cost-efficiency but is dependent on other factors such as transport times, import quotas and quality control aspects. To reduce risk, buying is carried out on an ongoing basis throughout the year. Continuous IT developments over the years have helped to support HM logistics. While the inventory management is primarily handled within the HM organisation, transport is outsourced to third parties. In terms of distribution, HM adopts sea transportation where their finished products are shipped to a distribution centre in Germany, which will serve as a transit terminal. The transit terminal will be en-routed to receive the goods from all the suppliers across the world. Upon arrival at the designated location, goods are inspected and allocated either in a store or in the centralised warehouse. The role of the warehouse is to hold and replenish inventory levels in stores according to selling trends.

Organ System of the Human Body

Organ System of the Human Body The human body is composed of different organs with each performing a specific function. These organs do not work alone, but combine their functionality to work as systems. An organ system is usually composed of different organs which perform closely related functions and work collectively to perform a common purpose (Anatomy 1). The human body is composed of ten major organ systems. The endocrine system is among these ten major organ systems. Its main role is to relay chemical messages, known as hormones, throughout the body. It is usually integrated with the nervous system and together distributes these hormones which regulate growth, nutrient absorption, water re absorption among other processes. The endocrine system is composed of many glands which secrete different endocrine hormones. These glands include the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, adrenal gland, pineal body, thyroid gland, pancreas, lay-dig cells in the testes and the ovaries. The hypothalamus acts as the major link between the endocrine system and the nervous system (Hoskins 15). The pituitary gland located at the base of the brain is commonly referred to as the master gland, due to its secretions of many hormones which regulate the activities of the other glands (Nussey and Whitehead 41). These glands are ductless and they secrete hormones into the blood system where they are transported to their target tissues (endocrinology). Although we may not always think about them, these glands and the hormones they produce influence nearly all the functions of the body, and control almost all the cells, organs and organ systems. This systems controls metabolism, tissue function, growth, regulates the mood and reproduction processes (Nussey and Whitehead 39). The system regulates its self mainly through negative feedback mechanism where production of a specific hormone acts as the check mechanism to avoid over production. The pancreas which is one of the glands of the endocrine system produces two major hormones (among others) which are glucagon and insulin. These two hormones work in conjunction to regulate the glucose levels in the body at appreciable levels. The secretion is specifically done by special cells called the islets of Langerhans (islets of Langerhans). Islets of Langerhans are divided into alpha and beta cells. The beta cells produce insulin while the alpha cells produce glucagon. Like all the other organ systems of the body, the endocrine system can also be affected by different diseases. One of these diseases is diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder directly related to the dysfunction of the pancreas. This disease is caused by the decreased secretion of insulin by the islets of Langerhans leading to diabetes mellitus type I closely associated with young individuals or decreased responsiveness of the target cells to the action of insulin leading to diabetes mellitus type II, closely associated with the aged (McDowell, Matthews and Brown 97). Diabetes type one is mostly autoimmune where the body marks its beta cells for destruction. It is also thought to be caused by a certain virus which destroys the beta cells. There has been mounting evidence that diabetes is caused by a form of genetic predisposition, leading to some degree of heredity. Diabetes symptoms are; excessive thirst leading to increased water or fluid intake, production of excess urine, weight loss, fatigue and lethargy. Excessive urination is caused by the presence of glucose in the urine after the amounts of glucose in the blood exceeds the renal threshold, a condition known as glycosuria (Colwell 85). This disease is wide spread in the US, with almost eight per cent of the whole population being affected. The most prevalent type of diabetes is type two and its evident in about ninety per cent of all diabetes cases. Diabetes is a life style disease mostly affecting the obese, people who dont exercise frequently and people with the tendency of eating junk food. It is also a hereditary disease, polygenic in nature, and only expressed by a specific combination of genes. Diabetes not only affects the endocrine system but the whole body at large. It deprives all the body cells of the required energy leading to weight loss and lethargy. Some cells of the body like brain cells utilize only glucose for energy purposes and suffer a lot in the event of untreated diabetes. The whole endocrine system is affected especially the mechanisms dealing with osmoregulation. The body has to strain to maintain a steady body pressure regardless of the increased out put of fluids (McDowell, Matthews and Brown 67). The pituitary gland which is responsible for maintaining a constant body pressure through the production of vasopressin hormone has to work against these challenges and ensure constant re-absorption of water. As mentioned earlier on, all endocrine glands suffer loss of energy leading to slowing of their functions. Among the other organ systems affected by this disease, the excretory system is the most affected as it is charged with the duties of filtering the excess glucose out of the body. Kidneys and ureters are overworked till they can reach their maximum rates (threshold) where they can no longer handle the amount of glucose (MedicineNet 4). Economically, this disease affects not only the victim, but also the family. It is expensive to treat, and one does not cease medication once affected. The patients take insulin shots or tablets most part of their remaining life. Some of other therapies available are also very expensive to conduct and will affect the patients finance. When the condition is extreme or is not diagnosed early enough, the victim may be required to quit or suspend some his/her economically rewarding activities to concentrate on treatment. Hospitalization also causes withdrawal from normal daily activities. This disease impacts negatively on the social activities of the affected individuals. One is forced to quite some social habits like drinking which may even cause him some friends. Some social events such as meetings, parties, family outings may be affected especially in the event of hospitalization. Works cited Anatomy. Microsoft ® Student 2007 [DVD]. .Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2006. Endocrinology. Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica 2007 Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclop?dia Britannica, 2009. Islets of Langerhans. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. 28 Jul. 2009 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/329670/islets-of-Langerhans Colwell, John. Diabetes. Gulf Professional Publishing, 2003 Hoskins, Graham. Endocrinology: the glands and their functions. Taylor Francis, 1944 McDowell, Joan, Matthews, David and Brown, Florence. Diabetes: a handbook for the primary care healthcare team. Elsevier Health Sciences, 2007 MedicineNet. Diabetes Mellitus. Retrieved on 28th July, 2009 from http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/discussion-17.htm Nussey, Stephen and Whitehead, Saffron. Endocrinology: an integrated approach. Taylor Francis, 2001

Using Nature to Relieve Stress Essay -- Emotions Environmental Essays

Using Nature to Relieve Stress Hectic and busy lives seem to be the norm and a major part of today’s world. People are always rushing to get things done, whether it is a project deadline or just keeping up with the pace of life. These time constraints are usually related to external influences in our lives – work, school, traffic, family, friends and/or life in general. All these factors create drama in life and lead to stress; however, some people have higher levels of stress than others. Stress is not healthy; in fact, it has been proven to cause serious health problems such as heart disease, high blood pressure, depression and even death. Sometimes, people just need to get away from the stresses of life, do something different and just RELAX!!! This may involve taking a day off from work or the stressor in life, going to the beach or some other place, getting a massage, or anything else to escape the stressor. What many people do not realize is there is something usually not far away that c an relieve stress – nature. For many people nature is the number one way to relieve stress. There are numerous videos, cassette tapes and CD’s on the market that show nature scenes and/or play nature sounds. One might ask why. Well, the answer is that nature tends to be peaceful, calm and relaxing. It is a place where someone can get away from the madness of a busy life. There are many companies and individuals trying to sell all kinds of things to get people to relax and â€Å"de-stress† their lives. In addition to the videos, tapes and CD’s, there is an abundance of marketing strategies to relieve stress including: counseling, exercise or health clubs, pills, massage therapists and health spas. All this â€Å"stuff† can becom... ...ess, which in itself, may create more stress from the financial burden. Nature is basically free – all one has to do is get there. For most people, it is right in their back yards, and they may not even be aware that it is so close. Many large cities are creating greenways and natural areas with trails so that people can escape the hectic rush of city life and get back to nature. This is also a positive way of helping with pollution by having more trees to provide oxygen. You can just sit and relax, let your senses soak up nature, or take the verbal approach and scream out your stress. Whatever you choose to do, don’t bash nature as a way to relieve stress until you try it. Ultimately, stress is harmful and can have long-lasting physical and emotional effects on a person. Just do it - believe it or not, nature may be the one thing that can relieve stress.

The Rooms From Life to Death :: essays research papers

In Edgar Allan Poe's short story, "The Masque of the Red Death", Poe use many symbols to interpret the many different theme's. One of the themes is that you cannot escape death which Poe proves in this story to be true. Each of the rooms that Poe uses in the story represents a certain kind of mood, emotion or coincidences in life. Poe's story takes place in seven connected but carefully separated rooms. This reminds the reader of the past significance of the number seven. The history of the world was thought to consist of seven ages, just as an individual's life had seven stages. The ancient world had seven wonders; universities divided learning into seven subjects; there were seven deadly sins with seven corresponding cardinal virtues. Therefore, an allegorical reading of this story suggests that the seven rooms represent the seven stages of one's life, from birth to death, through which the prince pursues a figure masked as a victim of the Red Death, only to die himself in the final chamber of eternal night. The easternmost room is decorated in blue, with blue stained-glass windows. The next room is purple with the same stained-glass window pattern. The rooms continue westward, according to this design, in the following color arrangement: green, orange, white, and violet. The seventh room is black, with red windows. The rooms of the palace, lined up in a series that represents the stages of life. Poe makes it a point to arrange the rooms running from east to west. This progression is symbolically significant because it represents the life cycle of a day. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west, with night symbolizing death. What transforms this set of symbols into an allegory, is the further symbolic treatment of the twenty-four hour life cycle. This translates to the realm of human beings. This progression from east to west, performed by both Prospero and the mysterious guest, symbolizes the human journey from birth to death. Poe crafts the last ,black room as the ominous endpoint, the room the guests fear just as they fear death.

Public Smoking Ban In The UK

Smoking is a major income to the government; it brings in about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 billion pounds annually. The government has proceeded to raise the tax rate of tobacco above the inflation rate from 1993 to the present day, this was implemented to help reduce consumption further. This policy has resulted that tax on tobacco in the UK is amongst the highest in the world and far ahead of any of those in other EU member states. For example the price of a typical pack of cigarettes in the UK is currently à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5.54, whilst in Belgium the price is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.70 and in Latvia they retail at a mere 42p. The cost to the NHS of smoking related illnesses is generally not believed to outweigh the income the government makes out of tobacco sales. The government is being very hypocritical of themselves because a large amount of public money comes from the tax of cigarettes but at the same time the government is trying to stop people form smoking by banning people to smoke in public places and also with adverts on television urging people to stop smoking. There has been a lot of opposition to the smoking ban of which the arguments have been that the ban will be disastrous to small pubs that rely on smokers to keep their business afloat. Small pub landlords have said that they will loose vital trade from people who normally go out to the pub to have a smoke and a pint who now will stay at home instead and smoke and drink there. A knock on effect of the economic down turn is perceived to be a loss of jobs across the industry and rising pub prices as landlords would have no choice but to subsidise their loss of business by increasing prices. The closure of pubs would ultimately result in a lack of choice for the customer. People who are still against the ban argue alternative methods of how to reduce the health impact of passive smoking. The introduction of the use of ventilation is regarded by some as an adequate solution on its own. Some respondents are strongly of the opinion that ventilation removes all the harmful effects of smoking from the air. Designated smoking areas in public places are have previously been used before the smoking ban came into effect in various shopping malls, restaurants and clubs. People did not complain about these smoking areas, of which people who wanted to smoke could do so inside out of the way of other people who did not want to smoke. People against the smoking ban argue that separate designated smoking areas with good ventilation is a better alternative then banning smoking in public places altogether. The government doesn't want to stop there with banning smoking. They have almost banned the rights of people to smoke in their own car. The law now states that if the driver is smoking and does not have full control of the vehicle the driver can be prosecuted for smoking while driving. This is an extension of the current law which is that the driver must have full control of the vehicle at all times. What I do not understand is that why the government feels that they now have to have a separate law to cover smoking while driving, does that not also come under the law that states that the driver must have full control of the vehicle at all times? There have now also been talks that a law is trying to be passed to stop adults smoking in their own vehicle while a child is present, is this just saying to the nation that they cannot look after their own children? Ibi from Birmingham thinks that banning smoking is a way for the government to take all of our fun away. â€Å"This seems ok but doesnt anybody else worry about this being a slippery slope. First, no smoking in public places, then no smoking at all, then no drinking, no shouting, no laughing, no talking and no fun. And once this is all done they will find something else to ban. And im a non smoker.† Howard John Dell from Chelmsford agrees that the money made by the government from smokers is too high to ignore the rights of one of its biggest money makers. â€Å"I do not agree with a total ban on smoking. It is my right to smoke and the government make a considerable amount of money from my smoking through taxes which easily pays for any health cost tot he NHS.† Colin McEwan from Edinburgh agrees that the smoking ban could have bigger economic consequences than we think. â€Å"The Scottish government is drafting its own regulations regarding smoking and seems to be bent on a total ban. This, in my view is a step too far at this time. I work in Ireland where such a ban has, I believe, reduced pub sales substantially in some areas and has cost many jobs. I have no issue with the argument that people must not be subjected to passive smoking. But the alternatives, such as designated smoking areas with proper ventilation have not been properly considered. Sure it will be difficult to implement properly but the ‘Ban it everywhere' brigade does not seem to be interested in the logic †¦ only the principle.† The smoking ban seams to be supported by many more non-smokers than smokers. I think that because smokers are a minority here, the majority have won their case outright. There seams to be more suitable alternative methods than the banning of smoking in public places completely. I think that the banning of smoking in public places was a policy set up by the government to try and win the votes of the majority of people because people had lost faith in the current government because of the currently unsuccessful invasion of Iraq.

Fast Food Transforming American Society Essay

Fast food has grown to be a big part of American Society. According to Eric Schlosser, â€Å"Over the past few decades, fast food has infiltrated every nook and cranny of American Society† (3). In a sense, his statement about fast food is not too exaggerated. Today, we see fast food all over America, whether it is through television advertisements, billboards, and magazines. America has grown to be the number one fast food country in the world. The increase of fast food has resulted in good business for the fast food industry: â€Å"In 2000 Americans spent about $110 billion on fast food compared to $6 billion in 1970† (Schlosser). Why are Americans spending huge amounts of money on fast food? How has the fast food industry grown to become a huge influence on American society? Seyhan Sipahi states, â€Å"Recent global economical crisis†¦had a crippling effect on almost all financial sectors in many countries. Surprisingly, the fast food industry had not be adversely affected†¦Ã¢â‚¬  What is keeping the fast food industry alive? Could it be that more families are turning to fast food because recent economic crisis? The fast food industry has grown to be more efficient than when it first started. Making food selling more convenient, fast and for a cheap price has attracted customers. There are multiple ways the fast food industry has transformed American society and what it is to live in America. In this generation, more mothers are in the workforce than there were in the past. Since â€Å"Women’s labor force participation is significantly higher today than it was in the 1970s, particularly among women with children† (Labor Force Participation of Women and Mothers, 2008, The Editor’s Desk) ever since then the rate has been going up. Now that both parents are away from home working it makes it harder for them to make home cooked meals. Due to the lack of home cooked meals, many Americans families have turned to fast food. According to Schlosser, â€Å"three generations ago more money was being spent on food in the United States to make meals at home† (3). Fast food has taken over the diet of many American families. It is more convenient to buy something that is near by, prepared fast, and is reasonably priced for its proportion. Another reason why people choose fast food is because frankly it is delicious. Nothing that is made at home can compare to something made at a fast food restaurant. It is hard to get sick of fast food because there are so many restaurants to choose from that each have their own tastes in foods. The largest class in America is the middle class. Since middle class makes up the majority of the American population it is reasonable to say these families with lower income tend to buy fast food more often. Fast food restaurants have grown to be more efficient in the way that they produce their meals. On â€Å"Dec. 12, 1948, when Richard and Maurice transformed their barbecue joint into the first McDonalds restaurant, focusing on speed, value and high volume. † (Hill). This helped build a kind of assembly line of workers, each worker in charge of one job. For example, in order to make a hamburger, one would be in charge of getting the buns, another in charge of putting the patty, another in charge of putting the lettuce and tomato, and on. In doing this, production of the food becomes much faster. Food being frozen before preparing it is another way that fast food restaurants have grown more efficiently. Schlosser gives an example with guacamole that is made in Mexico, frozen, and shipped to the restaurant (40). Many fast food restaurants do this with the products they serve, although their advertisements may say fresh. Drive-throughs and computerized cash registers have also helped fast food restaurants speed up time for their consumers. An example of how drive throughs are so successful is Victoria’s experience: There’s just one place that Victoria Vollaire stops every day. It’s not the supermarket. It’s not the ATM. It’s the drive-thru. This costs her $400 a month right out the drive-thru window. â€Å"I don’t like getting out of the car,† explains Vollaire, who lives in Ontario, Calif. , and works as a hotel guest service aide. More than half the money spent on fast food rolls in through the drive-thru lane. (Horovitz) Drive-throughs give restaurants the ability to take multiple orders and give convenience for customers that are in a hurry. People like the conscience of not even having to get out of there cars to get their food. Computerized cash registers with buttons for every order possible help to make orders quick and precise. These days it is not surprising to see a fast food restaurant almost at every corner in America. A study was made on how fast food restaurants cluster around schools in America. Steven Gortmaker, in charge of this study, states, â€Å"78% of schools had at least one fast food restaurant within 800 meters. Fast food restaurants tend to cluster near schools and offices because it is more convenient, with the idea to gain more business. Many fast food restaurants are close to places where children and adolescent are close by. They do this because these two age groups are the most targeted by the fast food industry (Fast Food Targeted Marketing). Another study, on a high school that sold fast food products concludes that fast food is 70% of all food sold at the school (Calderon. ) As the expansion of fast food companies continues to increase, more restaurants are seen closer together. Before, companies use to stay away from competition, but now they are clustered all over the place. It seems as though fast food restaurant expansion has forced them to cluster even to the extent of having fast food shopping centers. Fast food has greatly transformed popular culture in America. By looking at McDonalds as an example, McDonalds has far surpassed any other fast food chain in America and possibly the world. McDonalds has grown very close to many children: â€Å"A survey for American schoolchildren found that 96 percent could identify Ronald McDonald† (Schlosser). What makes fast food so popular in America? Many people appraise fast food industries for their products because they are delicious and affordable. Did affordability of fast food make it so popular? Fast food transforms popular culture in America mainly through advertising. Whether it is on television, sponsoring professional athletes, or even promoting events like the Olympics or the World Cup. It is said that â€Å"In 2009, teens saw 5 fast food ads each day† (Fast Food Targeted Marketing). The majority of the commercial on TV are based on fast food companies. Fast food has become a trend in American society, eating it is in the norms of society today. Fast food advertisement has a monkey, see monkey do effect on people. If people see famous celebrities on TV eating or promoting the fast food company, it encourages them to go. The constant selling of fast food causes higher demands in agricultural resources. According to Schlosser, â€Å"The fast food chains now stand atop a huge food-industrial complex, taking control of American Agriculture† (59). It is getting harder for farmers outside of this â€Å"food industrial complex† to find business. Many times farmers and cattle ranchers become hired hands for the agribusiness giants† (Schlosser). Although the giant agriculture business may seem powerful, it is still on the bottom of the fast food companies because they are what make their business. â€Å"The fast-food industry changed the nation’s retail economy, eliminating small businesses, encouraging the spread of chains and uniformity, fast food has transformed American agriculture† (Schlosser). Apart from agriculture fast food, companies have also influenced how cattle should be raised, killed, and made into ground beef. The influence of the fast food companies on slaughterhouses has made the work environment a dangerous place. These slaughterhouses sound dangerous for the workers as well as for those consuming the meat. Meatpacking as grown to be one of the most dangerous jobs in America (Gardner). There is a lot of equipment that is dangerous and can cause severe injuries to workers. According to Gardner, â€Å"at least 29. 3% of meat workers suffered injury or illness compared to 9. 7% for the rest of manufacturing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Working Conditions in American Slaughterhouses: Worse than You Thought). Carl Karcher started his fast food business by buying one hot dog cart and then from there he bought another three hot dog carts in Los Angeles. Not too much time past before Karcher had some competition. Recently moved from New Hampshire, the McDonald brothers came to California to find jobs. They opened up a hamburger shop and became famous for their delicious hamburgers. The brothers strived in coming up with new ways to make more money until finally one day they closed down their shop. A few months later the McDonald brothers reopened their shop, with a bigger grill, and a whole new process to make hamburgers. They would divide the food preparations into tasks. This is what started the whole assembly line style to preparing fast food and has been implemented by many fast food restaurants ever since. Two groups that fast food companies look to for hiring are teenagers and illegal immigrants. Having these two types of groups as a workforce allows fast food companies to spend less money on hired hands and more on advertising and expanding (Schlosser. ) Having workers that are not looking for a long-term job lets fast food companies have fewer benefits for their workers. The wages for fast food employees is far too little in ratio to the work that is expected. Fast food companies hire teenagers because they can survive with low pay and most are dependent on their parents. The statistics from the ages, 16-20, alone makes up 25% of the fast food workforce (Food Services and Drinking Places). Immigrants, on the other hand, cannot complain if they get paid so little because they are illegal and will work under most circumstances. The expansion of fast food companies has created many jobs over the years. Out of all food services and drinking places, fast food companies make up 47% (Food Services and Drinking Places). In the past few decades, food-related illness has increased (Schlosser). The way food is processed has affected its quality. Many of the livestock used to produce that typical hamburger patty are mistreated. The most common sickness that the livestock catch is E Coli. In December 2006 â€Å"71 people became sick with E. coli after eating at Taco Bell restaurants in New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Delaware† (O’Shea). It is hard to know for sure what is in fast food because most of the time this side of the story is covered up. Aside from meats getting pathogens, artificial flavoring is another key aspect of many fast food products. Many fast food companies injected their products with artificial flavoring. McDonalds for example â€Å"infuses its fries and chicken sandwiches with essences that mimic beef tallow† (Tamminen). Does the food taste that bad that places like McDonalds has turn to artificial flavoring? Can the chemicals being put in fast food be harmful to humans? Although there maybe some companies using artificial flavors, there many other companies that live up to natural flavors. What is the future of fast food industry in America? Will the fast food industry just keep growing until one day it not only becomes a big part of American life but also other places around the world? Fast food companies are expanding at an increasing rate causing high demands for more food. At this rate, could it be possible that someday the fast food industry will control all of the food distribution in America? They practically do already because they are the greatest contributors in meats, corn, potatoes and more. What will be the future for fast food in America? At its grown rate, the fast food industry seems to be taking over many Americans highways. Having many fast food chains by highways makes it all most impossible to not run into a fast food restaurant. Will the constant expansion of fast food restaurants bring down the big grocery stores and replace them? America has grown accustom to convenience when it comes to food. What do other countries think when they see America? Should America be proud because it is the number one fast food country in the world? It is hard to say where fast food will take America in the future, but one thing is certain: fast food and America can never be separated.

Statistics Coursework

1st Hypothesis – For my first hypothesis I will investigate the relationship between the number of TV hours watched per week by the pupils against their IQ. I am going to use the columns â€Å"IQ† and â€Å"Average number of hours TV watched per week† taken from the Mayfield high datasheet. I think that there will be a relationship between them and will attempt to reveal it. 2nd Hypothesis – For my second hypothesis I will investigate the relationship between â€Å"Average number of TV hours watched per week† and â€Å"weight (kg)†. I think that there will not be any major relationship between as they will not affect each other greatly. I will present my analysis and the results in graphs and tables and explain the results using the correlation of the graphs and arrangements of the figures. I will select a number of pupils to base my data on and will use random sampling to ascertain the correct number of male and female pupils needed to make the investigation fair. Stratified Sampling I do not want to use all of the data in the database for my analysis so I will need to take a sample of the number of people in the school. I would like to take about 10% of the overall figure. I will also need to use stratified sampling to make it an equal proportion of the number of males and females in the school to make it fair. The total number of pupils at the school is 813 so I will need to take 10% as my number, 81.3 is rounded down to 81. The overall ratio for boys and girls in the school is: 414:399 Now I will need to do my sampling Males = 414 multiplied by 81 = 41 813 Females = 399 multiplied by 81 = 40 813 Random Sampling Now I have the number of samples I will need to select the samples I will be taking. To do this I will use random sampling. I will take random samples until I have 81. I can do this on Excel using the following formula: = round(round()*120. Once I have gathered the samples I am ready to start analyzing my samples. Analysis Hypothesis 1 Males The first thing I need to do in my analysis is to analyze my graphs which are the source of the investigation. I have created scatter graphs to show the relationship if the two data sources for my first hypothesis. I have separated them into male and female graphs as there is a separation in the numbers. First male scatter graph: This first graph presented a bit of a problem. There was an anomalous result that affected the trend line and the scale of the graph. I decided to create a new graph that didn't include that 1 piece of data. This way it would help me to analyze the rest of the data. Second male scatter graph: This graph showed the data much clearer and I could then start analyzing it. There is no correlation between the 2 sets of data. This means that it is unlikely that there is a relationship between IQ and Average number of TV hours watched per week. In this it may be that my hypothesis is incorrect. There is only a very slight gradient on the trendline that leans towards a negative correlation, but the gradient is not steep enough to draw any conclusions about the relationship between the two sets of data. I will have to use the cumulative frequency graphs and boxplots to see if any conclusions can be made. Cumulative frequency graphs for IQ and Average number of TV hours watched per week: From these graphs I could create box plots and compare the two sets of data. Before that I analyzed the cumulative frequency graphs to draw initial conclusions. The majority of the IQs for males are between 90 – 105, this shows that the data is quite spread out as this section only covers a small area of the graph. For the TV hour's graph, again the data is spread among 1 main area; in this case it is between 5-25. There is almost a straight line near the top of the graph; this shows that there is likely to be some anomalous results and 0 pupils in between that result and the main bulk. Now I will create box plots so I can compare the two graphs together. Box plots for cumulative frequency graphs of IQ and average number of TV hours watched per week: (for interquartile ranges look at copies of graphs at the back) From the box plots I can see that the data spread is relatively the same apart from a possible anomalous result in the TV hour's data. This similarity is the reason why the scatter graph had no correlation and therefore no relationship. This means that my hypothesis is wrong. Hypothesis 1 Females Again I will start with the scatter graphs. As with the male graph I had an anomalous result that spread out the data and scale down the graph so most of the relevant data couldn't be analyzed. I then did another graph without that specific piece of data. Scatter Graphs 1 and 2 to show the relationship between IQ and average number of TV hours watched per week for Females: As you can see on both the graphs there is no correlation between the two sets of data. This again means that my first hypothesis is unlikely to be correct. There is only a slight gradient on the trend line which is not steep enough to draw any conclusions from it. There is another anomalous result on the graph but it doesn't affect the trend line and my conclusions so I left it on the graph. I will now crate cumulative frequency graphs to see if they can help me to draw conclusions. Cumulative frequency graphs for the IQ and number of TV hours watched per week: I will now analyze the graphs before drawing box plots to compare the graphs. The IQs graph is much more erratic which means that the data is spread over a larger range. Although there is 1 area where the data is concentrated and the gradient very steep, between 95-105. The TV hours graph is much smoother and the data less spread. The data number of hour's increases steadily to a certain point then it goes flat until the end. This means that there is a n anomalous result somewhere. I know that it can only be 1 or 2 anomalous because the point where it goes flat is at about 38 and there are only 39 sets of data in the graph. I will now look at the box plots to compare the two cumulative frequency graphs. Box plots for cumulative frequency graphs of IQ and number of TV hours watched for females: The box plots for these graphs show me that the IQ data has a much larger range and that it is quite evenly spread. I can see this because the interquartile range is quite large and the median evenly spread. There may be a few exceptions as 1 pupil is likey to have a very low IQ which is why the lowest value is so low. The TV hour's data seems to be much more concentrated and the data is generally lower. This shows that there can't be any relationship between them as they each grouped in certain areas. Also the box plot for TV hours shows that there is likely to bge an anomalous result as the highest value is so far out of the upper quartile. Hypothesis 2 Males In this hypothesis I will be comparing the Average number of TV hours watched per week and Weight, to see if there is any relationship between them. I will again start with Males and the Scatter graphs. Scatter graphs 1 and 2 to show the relationship between Weight and the Average number of TV hours watched per week for males: In these scatter graphs there is a slight negative correlation. This means that as the number of TV hours goes up Weight goes down. This may not be an accurate graph as there are a few anomalous results that may have caused the trend line to be that gradient. If this is so my hypothesis would have been correct, if it is not the gradient of the trend line isn't steep enough to say that it is 100% certain that it is accurate. I will need to use the cumulative frequency graphs to draw complete conclusions. Cumulative frequency graphs for the number of TV hours watched and Weights of males: These two graphs look quite different; the weights graph has most of its data concentrated in the middle of the range, between 30-50 and looks like a normal cumulative frequency curve. Whereas the number of TV hours has most of its data concentrated at the beginning between 0-30, showing that there is likely to be an anomalous result at the end of the range. These anomalous results on the TV hours graph are what caused the slight negative correlation on the trend line. I will be able to make complete conclusions after looking at the female sample and seeing if that graph follows suit. The box plots for these graphs will look quite different and will make it easy to make a simple comparison. Box plots for Cumulative frequency graphs IQ and Weight for males: From the box plots I can see that the two sets of data are almost identical in range which would cause a straight line on the scatter graph it is because of the anomalous results on the TV hours which caused the slight negative correlation. The weights box plot shows me that the data is quite evenly spread in the middle of the range apart from a very heavy person at the end which is why the highest figure is so far apart from the upper quartile. Overall the box plots show me that the similarity in the data means there is no relationship and hypothesis was correct. Hypothesis 2 Females Again I will start with the scatter graphs to show the relationship between Number of TV hours watched and weight. The graphs should be similar to the males and the conclusions the same. Again I had an anomalous result and had to create a second scatter graph without it there. Scatter graphs 1 and 2 to show the relationship between the Number of TV hours watched per week and Weight: The second scatter graph in this section, without the anomalous result completely changed the trend line. The first graph looks a lot more like the male graph whereas the second follows my hypothesis a lot better. In graph 1 there is a slight gradient on the graph which points towards a negative correlation, like those of the male sample. On the graph without the anomalous result there is clearly no correlation whatsoever as the line is nearly horizontal. I will take the results of the male sample to be wrong as I said earlier there are a few anomalous results which caused the trend line to be at that gradient. Now I will look at the cumulative frequency graphs to see what results I get from them. Cumulative frequency graphs for Average number of TV hours watched per week and Weight for Females: As on the males graph the TV hours for females have a lot of anomalous results. But for the scatter graphs I cancelled them all out which gave no correlation. If the line at the top of the TV hours graph is blanked out the two graphs look almost identical. This is why the scatter graph got a near horizontal trend line. The box plots for these to graphs will look alike apart from there will be a much longer line at the end of the TV hours graph because of the anomalous results. Box plots of cumulative frequency graphs for Number of TV hours watched and weights of females: These box plots show me the same as the males did, that the data is almost identical if placed 1 on top of the other. This is what caused the horizontal line in my scatter graphs and proves my hypothesis. Conclusion Hypothesis 1: My first hypothesis has been proved incorrect. The scatter graphs show that there is no correlation between the two sets of data. For my hypothesis to have been correct there would have needed to be a strong positive correlation. The cumulative frequency graphs and box plots again proved my hypothesis incorrect, the similarities in the two sets of data's box plots showed that there was no relationship and showed why the scatter graphs showed a straight line. Both the male and female samples showed that my hypothesis was incorrect although some anomalous results created a slight negative correlation in both it was obvious that it was still wrong. Hypothesis 2: My second hypothesis was proved correct. The scatter graphs showed that there was absolutely no correlation on the graphs which means no relationship. Although the male graphs did show a a negative correlation it was proved to be made by a few anomalous results by the cumulative frequency and later the inconsistency with the female sample. The female scatter graph showed a near horizontal trend line which was what I needed to prove my hypothesis. The similarities on the cumulative frequency graphs and box plots further proved my hypothesis was correct. Evaluation The investigation went quite well although my first hypothjesis was incorrect it showed that careful analysis of data is needed before drawing conclusions. When I next do an investigation into data I will use histograms to aid me in my analysis as they come in useful when looking for relationships in two sets of data as the cumulative frequency graphs do. I could have made the cumulative frequency graphs a little better as the program I used did not put a scale on the x axis but only the length of the range. Statistics Coursework 1st Hypothesis – For my first hypothesis I will investigate the relationship between the number of TV hours watched per week by the pupils against their IQ. I am going to use the columns â€Å"IQ† and â€Å"Average number of hours TV watched per week† taken from the Mayfield high datasheet. I think that there will be a relationship between them and will attempt to reveal it. 2nd Hypothesis – For my second hypothesis I will investigate the relationship between â€Å"Average number of TV hours watched per week† and â€Å"weight (kg)†. I think that there will not be any major relationship between as they will not affect each other greatly. I will present my analysis and the results in graphs and tables and explain the results using the correlation of the graphs and arrangements of the figures. I will select a number of pupils to base my data on and will use random sampling to ascertain the correct number of male and female pupils needed to make the investigation fair. Stratified Sampling I do not want to use all of the data in the database for my analysis so I will need to take a sample of the number of people in the school. I would like to take about 10% of the overall figure. I will also need to use stratified sampling to make it an equal proportion of the number of males and females in the school to make it fair. The total number of pupils at the school is 813 so I will need to take 10% as my number, 81.3 is rounded down to 81. The overall ratio for boys and girls in the school is: 414:399 Now I will need to do my sampling Males = 414 multiplied by 81 = 41 813 Females = 399 multiplied by 81 = 40 813 Random Sampling Now I have the number of samples I will need to select the samples I will be taking. To do this I will use random sampling. I will take random samples until I have 81. I can do this on Excel using the following formula: = round(round()*120. Once I have gathered the samples I am ready to start analyzing my samples. Analysis Hypothesis 1 Males The first thing I need to do in my analysis is to analyze my graphs which are the source of the investigation. I have created scatter graphs to show the relationship if the two data sources for my first hypothesis. I have separated them into male and female graphs as there is a separation in the numbers. First male scatter graph: This first graph presented a bit of a problem. There was an anomalous result that affected the trend line and the scale of the graph. I decided to create a new graph that didn't include that 1 piece of data. This way it would help me to analyze the rest of the data. Second male scatter graph: This graph showed the data much clearer and I could then start analyzing it. There is no correlation between the 2 sets of data. This means that it is unlikely that there is a relationship between IQ and Average number of TV hours watched per week. In this it may be that my hypothesis is incorrect. There is only a very slight gradient on the trendline that leans towards a negative correlation, but the gradient is not steep enough to draw any conclusions about the relationship between the two sets of data. I will have to use the cumulative frequency graphs and boxplots to see if any conclusions can be made. Cumulative frequency graphs for IQ and Average number of TV hours watched per week: From these graphs I could create box plots and compare the two sets of data. Before that I analyzed the cumulative frequency graphs to draw initial conclusions. The majority of the IQs for males are between 90 – 105, this shows that the data is quite spread out as this section only covers a small area of the graph. For the TV hour's graph, again the data is spread among 1 main area; in this case it is between 5-25. There is almost a straight line near the top of the graph; this shows that there is likely to be some anomalous results and 0 pupils in between that result and the main bulk. Now I will create box plots so I can compare the two graphs together. Box plots for cumulative frequency graphs of IQ and average number of TV hours watched per week: (for interquartile ranges look at copies of graphs at the back) From the box plots I can see that the data spread is relatively the same apart from a possible anomalous result in the TV hour's data. This similarity is the reason why the scatter graph had no correlation and therefore no relationship. This means that my hypothesis is wrong. Hypothesis 1 Females Again I will start with the scatter graphs. As with the male graph I had an anomalous result that spread out the data and scale down the graph so most of the relevant data couldn't be analyzed. I then did another graph without that specific piece of data. Scatter Graphs 1 and 2 to show the relationship between IQ and average number of TV hours watched per week for Females: As you can see on both the graphs there is no correlation between the two sets of data. This again means that my first hypothesis is unlikely to be correct. There is only a slight gradient on the trend line which is not steep enough to draw any conclusions from it. There is another anomalous result on the graph but it doesn't affect the trend line and my conclusions so I left it on the graph. I will now crate cumulative frequency graphs to see if they can help me to draw conclusions. Cumulative frequency graphs for the IQ and number of TV hours watched per week: I will now analyze the graphs before drawing box plots to compare the graphs. The IQs graph is much more erratic which means that the data is spread over a larger range. Although there is 1 area where the data is concentrated and the gradient very steep, between 95-105. The TV hours graph is much smoother and the data less spread. The data number of hour's increases steadily to a certain point then it goes flat until the end. This means that there is a n anomalous result somewhere. I know that it can only be 1 or 2 anomalous because the point where it goes flat is at about 38 and there are only 39 sets of data in the graph. I will now look at the box plots to compare the two cumulative frequency graphs. Box plots for cumulative frequency graphs of IQ and number of TV hours watched for females: The box plots for these graphs show me that the IQ data has a much larger range and that it is quite evenly spread. I can see this because the interquartile range is quite large and the median evenly spread. There may be a few exceptions as 1 pupil is likey to have a very low IQ which is why the lowest value is so low. The TV hour's data seems to be much more concentrated and the data is generally lower. This shows that there can't be any relationship between them as they each grouped in certain areas. Also the box plot for TV hours shows that there is likely to bge an anomalous result as the highest value is so far out of the upper quartile. Hypothesis 2 Males In this hypothesis I will be comparing the Average number of TV hours watched per week and Weight, to see if there is any relationship between them. I will again start with Males and the Scatter graphs. Scatter graphs 1 and 2 to show the relationship between Weight and the Average number of TV hours watched per week for males: In these scatter graphs there is a slight negative correlation. This means that as the number of TV hours goes up Weight goes down. This may not be an accurate graph as there are a few anomalous results that may have caused the trend line to be that gradient. If this is so my hypothesis would have been correct, if it is not the gradient of the trend line isn't steep enough to say that it is 100% certain that it is accurate. I will need to use the cumulative frequency graphs to draw complete conclusions. Cumulative frequency graphs for the number of TV hours watched and Weights of males: These two graphs look quite different; the weights graph has most of its data concentrated in the middle of the range, between 30-50 and looks like a normal cumulative frequency curve. Whereas the number of TV hours has most of its data concentrated at the beginning between 0-30, showing that there is likely to be an anomalous result at the end of the range. These anomalous results on the TV hours graph are what caused the slight negative correlation on the trend line. I will be able to make complete conclusions after looking at the female sample and seeing if that graph follows suit. The box plots for these graphs will look quite different and will make it easy to make a simple comparison. Box plots for Cumulative frequency graphs IQ and Weight for males: From the box plots I can see that the two sets of data are almost identical in range which would cause a straight line on the scatter graph it is because of the anomalous results on the TV hours which caused the slight negative correlation. The weights box plot shows me that the data is quite evenly spread in the middle of the range apart from a very heavy person at the end which is why the highest figure is so far apart from the upper quartile. Overall the box plots show me that the similarity in the data means there is no relationship and hypothesis was correct. Hypothesis 2 Females Again I will start with the scatter graphs to show the relationship between Number of TV hours watched and weight. The graphs should be similar to the males and the conclusions the same. Again I had an anomalous result and had to create a second scatter graph without it there. Scatter graphs 1 and 2 to show the relationship between the Number of TV hours watched per week and Weight: The second scatter graph in this section, without the anomalous result completely changed the trend line. The first graph looks a lot more like the male graph whereas the second follows my hypothesis a lot better. In graph 1 there is a slight gradient on the graph which points towards a negative correlation, like those of the male sample. On the graph without the anomalous result there is clearly no correlation whatsoever as the line is nearly horizontal. I will take the results of the male sample to be wrong as I said earlier there are a few anomalous results which caused the trend line to be at that gradient. Now I will look at the cumulative frequency graphs to see what results I get from them. Cumulative frequency graphs for Average number of TV hours watched per week and Weight for Females: As on the males graph the TV hours for females have a lot of anomalous results. But for the scatter graphs I cancelled them all out which gave no correlation. If the line at the top of the TV hours graph is blanked out the two graphs look almost identical. This is why the scatter graph got a near horizontal trend line. The box plots for these to graphs will look alike apart from there will be a much longer line at the end of the TV hours graph because of the anomalous results. Box plots of cumulative frequency graphs for Number of TV hours watched and weights of females: These box plots show me the same as the males did, that the data is almost identical if placed 1 on top of the other. This is what caused the horizontal line in my scatter graphs and proves my hypothesis. Conclusion Hypothesis 1: My first hypothesis has been proved incorrect. The scatter graphs show that there is no correlation between the two sets of data. For my hypothesis to have been correct there would have needed to be a strong positive correlation. The cumulative frequency graphs and box plots again proved my hypothesis incorrect, the similarities in the two sets of data's box plots showed that there was no relationship and showed why the scatter graphs showed a straight line. Both the male and female samples showed that my hypothesis was incorrect although some anomalous results created a slight negative correlation in both it was obvious that it was still wrong. Hypothesis 2: My second hypothesis was proved correct. The scatter graphs showed that there was absolutely no correlation on the graphs which means no relationship. Although the male graphs did show a a negative correlation it was proved to be made by a few anomalous results by the cumulative frequency and later the inconsistency with the female sample. The female scatter graph showed a near horizontal trend line which was what I needed to prove my hypothesis. The similarities on the cumulative frequency graphs and box plots further proved my hypothesis was correct. Evaluation The investigation went quite well although my first hypothjesis was incorrect it showed that careful analysis of data is needed before drawing conclusions. When I next do an investigation into data I will use histograms to aid me in my analysis as they come in useful when looking for relationships in two sets of data as the cumulative frequency graphs do. I could have made the cumulative frequency graphs a little better as the program I used did not put a scale on the x axis but only the length of the range.